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Briefing 12-12-2023

The overwhelming majority of businesses in the European Union (EU) are small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). They employ almost two thirds of the workforce, create 85 % of all new jobs and generate about three fifths of EU value added. In the period from 2010 to 2020, only a small proportion of EU SMEs said that they raised external financing through capital markets (4 %), while a quarter used bank loans, and a fifth used business-to-business trade credits or internal funds. To make capital ...

This briefing provides a pre-legislative synthesis of the positions of national, regional and local governmental organisations' positions on the European Commission's forthcoming recommendation on animal welfare. It forms part of an EPRS series offering a summary of the pre-legislative state-of-play and advance consultation on a range of key European Commission priorities during its five-year term in office. It outlines the current state of affairs, examines how existing policy is working on the ...

The European Union has been the biggest provider of external assistance to the Palestinian people for many years. Between 2014 and 2020, the EU allocated €2.2 billion in bilateral assistance to the Palestinians. EU assistance to the Palestinians through the European Joint Strategy 2021-2024 amounts, indicatively, to €1.18 billion. EU financial assistance to Palestine* consists of different financial tools. The largest part of the assistance falls under the Neighbourhood, Development and International ...

To limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, as agreed in the Paris Agreement, all countries must cut their emissions, requiring substantial investment. Developed countries committed collectively to supporting developing countries in their climate mitigation and adaptation measures, with US$100 billion annually by 2020. However, the figure was not reached by 2020, nor is it deemed sufficient to cover the needs of developing countries. Beyond the level of financing ...

This briefing will give a brief overview of the EU-Russia sanctions framework, before discussing existing EU tools for protecting its financial interests, access to beneficial ownership data and EU initiatives to ensure sanctions enforcement. It serves as background information for the CONT Committee workshop of 6 November 2023 on ‘Preventing EU funds from reaching sanctioned individuals or entities’.

Ahead of their forthcoming mid-term evaluation, this study provides an initial evaluation of the implementation of the Erasmus +, Creative Europe, European Solidarity Corps, and Citizens, Equality, Rights and Values Strand 3 funding programmes since their launch in late 2021. The evaluation focuses primarily on their relevance, coherence and effectiveness, with a view to identifying challenges and shortcomings, but also to highlight good practices and potential for future development. The research ...

This paper presents a regional evaluation in parallel to the EPRS 2023 Peace and Security Outlook. It has been drafted as a contribution to the Normandy World Peace Forum taking place in September 2023. The paper provides the background to EU relations with Iraq. After providing a brief overview of the country's current political, economic and social situation, the analysis provides an inventory of the tools and mechanisms and funding put in place by the EU, looks at recent developments and corresponding ...

This study assesses the first two ECB progress reports on the digital euro. It is socially desirable to have a digital euro. However, the envisaged design of the digital euro makes the use case for a digital euro from consumers’ point of view questionable, in part because it will offer less convenience than other, commercially provided, digital means of payment. This study lays out some desirable design features of a digital euro that can foster broad adoption.

This briefing focuses on policy measures to contain aggressive tax planning (ATP) that six Member States – Ireland, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta and the Netherlands – have laid out in their individual national recovery and resilience plans, which were drawn up in order to benefit from the Next Generation EU (NGEU) recovery instrument. The countries were selected because their European Semester and 2019 and 2020 country-specific recommendations (CSRs) highlighted ATP concerns. ATP is a harmful ...

This paper considers initiatives funded by the RRF to support SMEs in the digital transition. It concludes that while there are many areas of good practice, risks remain due to the lack of outcome-based targets, the complexity of some schemes and relatively low levels of funding in relation to the ambition in some cases. Introducing targets based on (preferably harmonised) skills frameworks and digital maturity assessments could help establish the value add of initiatives to support SMEs.