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Digital euro package

Briefing 18-09-2023

A digital euro can be understood as central bank money offered in digital form for citizens and businesses to be used for their retail payments. It would be a central bank digital currency (CBDC) –an electronic equivalent to cash, complementing banknotes and coins – and the central motivation to develop a CBDC can be explained by the increasing digitalisation of financial services. Banknotes and coins, currently the only public money, are considered the ultimate anchor of the financial system. However ...

Payment services enable digital payments through direct debits, credit transfers or payments with cards or similar devices. Within the EU, these are regulated through the revised Payment Services Directive (PSD2), which sets rules for payment services, their providers and consumer protection. Announced in September 2021 under the digital finance strategy and the retail payments strategy, the Commission published two proposals on the revision of PSD2 on 28 June 2023 as part of the financial data access ...

AAG of the study identifies the fundamental rationale for a possible issuance of a digital euro: to preserve the role of public money in a digital economy. It outlines the policy options, trade-offs as well as design issues that its creation would raise. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON)

What if the internet failed?

Kort sammanfattning 27-09-2021

What if the internet failed? Since the 1960s, when work on its development began, internet infrastructure has become almost as important as the electricity and transport infrastructure in modern societies. More and more key services, such as banking, food retail and health care, rely on internet connections. Despite the internet's original resilient decentralised design, the increasing importance of a few central players and the shift towards greater centralisation have made the internet more susceptible ...

We collect data on IT spending as reported by banks directly supervised by the ECB in their 2020 annual reports. Slightly more than 50% of these banks report their IT spending. Our analysis, using data for those banks that do report IT expenditure, suggests that the distribution of IT expenses as share of operating income, operating expenses or total assets is uneven. We identify banks that score low on one or more of these ratios. It turns out that this group is very diverse. We argue that these ...

What if blockchain could guarantee ethical AI?

Kort sammanfattning 21-12-2020

As artificial intelligence (AI) companies and other organisations are seeking ways to comply with ethical principles and requirements, blockchain, under specific circumstances, could be seen as a means to safeguard that AI is deployed in an ethically sound manner.

This study provides an analysis of blockchain technology in the context of international trade. It analyses the potential impacts of blockchain development and applications in eight use cases for supply chains and international trade. It also provides an analysis of the current legislative framework and existing initiatives. Based on this analysis, and following a broad consultation of relevant organisations, the study identifies several challenges in international trade documentation and processes ...

Sales in the EU still predominantly take place offline – in bricks and mortar shops – and purchases are still predominantly made with cash. However, thanks to the level of convenience they offer, both online shopping and cashless electronic payments are booming and are among the key drivers of the digital transformation taking place in our economy and society. The real-time accessibility of e commerce products and their availability 24 hours a day, together with the ease of making electronic payments ...

Against the backdrop of a trend towards a cashless society and the emergence of private electronic monies, the paper discusses properties of digital currencies and implications for currency competition, describes benefits and risks of digitalisation of money for the society, explains the concept and implications of a CBDC, and discusses implications of digital money for monetary policy. The upshot is that the trend towards digitalisation will probably continue, but has to be closely monitored and ...

The Future of Money

Studie 15-11-2019

Cryptocurrencies, Libra, central bank digital currencies (CBDCs)... What will be the future of money? What are the implications for monetary policy? ECON’s Monetary Expert Panel has produced 4 papers which try to help answer these questions ahead of the Monetary Dialogue on 2 December, the first one with the new ECB President, Ms Christine Lagarde. This publication is provided by Policy Department A at the request of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON).