TRANSLATION OF
TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

PREFACE by Nicole PERY
FOREWORD by Robert RAMSAY
THE EUROFOR FOREWORD by Georges TOUZET
INTRODUCTION by Angel ANGELIDIS
CONTENTS
METHODOLOGICAL NOTE
MEMORANDUM

Part one
SUMMARY AND PROPOSALS

I.1 INTRODUCTION

• I.1.1 The specificity of forestry
  • 1.1.1 - A forest of paradoxes
  • 1.1.2 - Received ideas
• I.1.2 A forestry world in change
  • 1.2.1 - The European Union challenged and faced with an awaking conscience throughout the planet
  • 1.2.2 - The economic aspect rehabilitated in a holistic approach
  • 1.2.3 - The concept of "sustainable management" : an ever-evolving synthesis
• I.1.3 The responsability of the European Union
  • 1.3.1 - Today's European Union : the heir to an indecisive Community
  • 1.3.2 - The necessity for global choices and assessments
  • 1.3.3 - What ambitions for the European Union?

I.2 FORESTS AND FORESTRY POLICY WITHIN THE EUROPEAN UNION

• I.2.1 The forests of the European Union: strengths, constraints and prospects
  • 2.1.1 - Assets to be exploited
  • 2.1.2 - Difficulties to overcome
• I.2.2 The forest strategy of the European Union: at the crossroads
  • 2.2.1 - A poorly recognised specificity
  • 2.2.2 - A random policy evaluation
  • 2.2.3 - The forestry sector at the heart of the debate on the evolution of the European Union
• I.2.3 Stakes and pressures
  • 2.3.1 - The attitude of the Member States
  • 2.3.2 - Questions relating to the terms of effective protection for the EU forestry sector
  • 2.3.3 - The uncertainty as to how best to protect our forest resources and the main biological balances

I.3 THE EUROPEAN UNION AND TROPICAL FORESTS

• I.3.1 Tropical forests: hopes and fears for the future
  • 3.1.1 - The European Union and tropical forests: history gathers pace
  • 3.1.2 - Deforestation and planting
  • 3.1.3 - Through disturbances and changes towards a new equilibrium
  • 3.1.4 - Deforestation: the whys and wherefores
• I.3.2 International action and the role of the European Union
  • 3.2.1 - Forestry research
  • 3.2.2 - International co-operation
  • 3.2.3 - European Union initiatives

I.4 AN INTEGRAL EUROPEAN STRATEGY IN THE FORESTRY SECTOR

• I.4.1 A forestry policy for the European Union: what place and what spirit ?
  • 4.1.1 - A method of approach
  • 4.1.2 - The reaffirmation of basic principles of consensus
  • 4.1.3 - The existence of an identifiable structure stimulating action and providing monitoring
  • 4.1.4 - A requirement for quality
• I.4.2 What strategy for the European Union forests ?
  • 4.2.1 - Three favoured areas of action
  • 4.2.2 - The support of effective instruments
• I.4.3 What strategy as regards tropical forests ?
  • 4.3.1 - The reasons for European Union action in favour of tropical forests
  • 4.3.2 - A pan-community strategy: the aims and the objectives
  • 4.3.3 - Styles and policies
  • 4.3.4 - Operational proposals

I.5 CONCLUSION

• I.5.1 Practicalities
  • 5.1.1 - Specific sectorial framework versus a step-by-step approach
  • 5.1.2 - Co-ordination with national policies
  • 5.1.3 - The role of the European Union at international level
• I.5.2 A political responsibility

Part two
THE WORLD'S FORESTS

II.1 THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S FORESTS

• II.1.1 Forested areas
  • 1.1.1 - An ever-evolving heritage
  • 1.1.2 - Planting contribution
• II.1.2 Output potentials
  • 1.2.1 - Volume of standing timber
  • 1.2.2 - The forming of wood material
• II.1.3 Economic aspects
  • 1.3.1 - Different types of ownership
  • 1.3.2 - Forest area per capita: a highly unequal apportionment
  • 1.3.3 - Exploitable forested areas
  • 1.3.4 - Timber output and consumption: an upward trend
  • 1.3.5 - A recently evolving international trade
  • 1.3.6 - Contrasted evolving trends depending on the world's regions
  • 1.3.7 - A structural tendency towards internationalization and concentration
  • 1.3.8 - The forest and the wood sector: a job reservoir

II.2 THE ROLE OF THE WORLD'S FORESTS: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ECOLOGICAL ISSUES

• II.2.1. The different roles of the forest
  • 2.1.1 - Economic
  • 2.1.2 - Cultural and social
  • 2.1.3 - Environmental
• II.2.2. The difficulty to assess the importance of each role
• II.2.3. The relative contribution of the diffrent roles to the forest development

II.3 THE MAJOR GLOBAL PROBLEMS: DAMAGE CAUSED TO FORESTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES

• II.3.1 The forest and the environment: a close interdependence
  • 3.1.1 - Do forest provide a better atmosphere ?
  • 3.1.2 - Forests and water
  • 3.1.3 - Forests and soils
  • 3.1.4 - Forest ecosystems and genetic resources
• II.3.2 Threats and strains affecting the world's forests
  • 3.2.1 - Climatic changes and natural catastrophes
  • 3.2.2 - Biotic strains
  • 3.2.3 - Forest fires
  • 3.2.4 - Deforestation and the forming of barren lands
• II.3.3 What man brings to forests
  • 3.3.1 - Forest management: a factor of stabilisation and economic development
  • 3.3.2 - A well planned afforestation programme: a means to extend the world's forest heritage
  • 3.3.3 - Impacts and evolution of pressures

II.4 WORLD FORESTRY STRATEGIES

• II.4.1 World forestry strategies: recent and current international organisations, conferences and negotiations
  • 4.1.1 - World organisations
  • 4.1.2 - Regional organisations
  • 4.1.3 - Recent and current conferences and negotiations
• II.4.2 The actions of non governmental organisations
  • 4.2.1 - A wide variety of origins and objectives
  • 4.2.2 - An increasing presence on the international scene and a real impact on the forest sector
• II.4.3 The instruments of global policies
  • 4.3.1 - National conservations strategies
  • 4.3.2 - The Tropical Forestry Action Programme (TFAP)
  • 4.3.3 - National Plans for Environmental Actions (NPEA)
  • 4.3.4 - The international trade agreements (ITTA/GATT)
  • 4.3.5 - The World Fund for the Environmentl (WFE)
  • 4.3.6 - The United Nations Conference for Environment and Development (UNCED)
  • 4.3.7 - The "debt nature" exchange
  • 4.3.8 - Ecolabels or the green labelling of tropical timber
  • 4.3.9 - The ecotax on carbon dioxide
• II.4.4 The policies of wood consuming and wood producing countries

II.5 APPRAISAL AND OUTLOOK

• II.5.1 An evolving forestry world
  • 5.5.1 - Developments difficult to quantify
  • 5.5.2 - Basic qualitative trends
• II.5.2 Tomorrow: what is at stake

Part three
THE EUROPEAN UNION AND TROPICAL FORESTS

III.1 THE STATE OF TROPICAL FORESTS

• III.1.1 The tropical world: presentation and main points
  • 1.1.1 - The great intertropical climates
  • 1.1.2 - Tropical soils
  • 1.1.3 - Tropical vegetation: a quick panorama of the four continents
  • 1.1.4 - Social and economic factors: a few reference parametres
• III.1.2 Assessing the tropical forest resources
  • 1.2.1 - A general survey of tropical forests in 1990
  • 1.2.2 - The evolution of natural forested areas between 1980 and 1990
  • 1.2.3 - Forest ownership
  • 1.2.4 - The status and planning of tropical forests
  • 1.2.5 - Forest plantations
• III.1.3 Forest exploitation and forest products
  • 1.3.1 - Timber
  • 1.3.2 - Firewood
  • 1.3.3 - Non ligneous products

III.2 THE ROLE OF TROPICAL FORESTS: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND ECOLOGICAL ISSUES

• III.2.1 The ecological role of tropical forests
  • 2.1.1 - Forests and climatic balances
  • 2.1.2 - Forests, soil protection and fresh water control
  • 2.1.3 - Forests and carbon stock
  • 2.1.4 - Forests and the conservation of ecosystems
• III.2.2 The social and economic role of tropical forests
  • 2.2.1 - The forest as an every day environment
  • 2.2.2 - The forest as a timber producer
  • 2.2.3 - The forest as a firewood producer
  • 2.2.4 - The forest as a land reserve
  • 2.2.5 - The forest as a foreign currency and job reservoir

III.3 THE MAJOR PROBLEMS AFFECTING TROPICAL FORESTS: DAMAGE CAUSED TO FORESTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES

• III.3.1 Deforestation: structural causes
  • 3.1.1 - The decisive notions
  • 3.1.2 - Internal structural causes
  • 3.1.3 - External causes influencing deforestation
  • 3.1.4 - After awakening conscience... challenges
• III.3.2 The factors of deforestation
  • 3.2.1 - Agriculture and cattle breeding.
  • 3.2.2 - The infrastructures
  • 3.2.3 - Ways of exploiting tropical forests
  • 3.2.4 - Wars, forest fires: the occurence of major events
• III.3.3 A necessary global approach integrating the technical, economic and financial instruments of forest resource management
  • 3.3.1 - Management principles
  • 3.3.2 - Operational recommandations

III.4 NATIONAL FORESTRY POLICIES OF TROPICAL STATES

• III.4.1 Common features
  • 4.1.1 - Similar problems and objectives
  • 4.1.2 - An evolving legal forestry framework
  • 4.1.3 - The EU participation in the national policies undertaken by tropical countries
• III.4.2 The forestry situation in thirteen selected countries
  • 4.2.1 - Criteria explaining the choice
  • 4.2.2 - Some data concerning Senegal, the Ivory Coast, Nigeria, the Congo, Tanzania, Madagascar, Nepal, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brazil, Bolivia, and Guatemala

III.5 THE POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS MEMBER STATES IN SUPPORT OF TROPICAL FORESTS

• III.5.1 An evolving international context
  • 5.1.1 - Towards an international forestry cooperation
  • 5.1.2 - The NGO's breakthrough:
• III.5.2 The policy of the Member States
  • 5.2.1 - A common history witnessed in current links
  • 5.2.2 - An overview of the general intervention principles and objectives of EU Member States in support of tropical forests
  • 5.2.3 - Member States confronted to the major problems of tropical forests: a diverging or a common attitude?
• III.5.3 The policy of the European Union in support of tropical forests
  • 5.3.1 - Why have a tropical forest policy ?
  • 5.3.2 - From an analysis to a programme of actions
  • 5.3.3 - Are realizations a well organized lot ?
  • 5.3.4 - The European Union and the NGO's
  • 5.3.5 - The European Union in the international entente
  • 5.3.6 - An incomplete undertaking to reinforce for a better efficiency

III.6 ACTIVITIES OF NON EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES AIMED AT SAFEGARDING TROPICAL FORESTS

• III.6.1 The contribution of developping countries
  • 6.1.1 - An ever-growing awareness
  • 6.1.2 - A difficult compromise between emergencies and what is in the long term
• III.6.2 The help of developped countries outside the European Union
  • 6.2.1 - The United States of Amercia
  • 6.2.2 - Canada
  • 6.2.3 - Scandinavian countries
  • 6.2.4 - Countries of Central Europe: Switzerland and Austria
  • 6.2.5 - Countries from the Pacific
• III.6.3 Appraisal and outlook

Part four
FOREST AND FORESTRY POLICIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

IV.1 THE STATE OF FORESTS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

• IV.1.1 Forests in the European Union
  • 1.1.1 - The importance and structure of forest resources in the European Union
  • 1.1.2 - Forest health check
  • 1.1.3 - Biodiversity
• IV.1.2 The wood sector in the European Union
  • 1.2.1 - Complementary statistical sources
  • 1.2.2 - Timber harvesting: an incredible increase to answer industrial needs
  • 1.2.3 - The consumption of round wood in the European Union
  • 1.2.4 - The structure, the economic and social importance of the wood sector: a wide range of small and medium sized companies
  • 1.2.5 - The consumption of wood by-products: when demand is higher than pan-community supply
  • 1.2.6 - The consumption of paper pulp, paper and cardboard: a fast growth
  • 1.2.7 - The consumption of furniture: easily affected by the economic climate
  • 1.2.8 - Trading: a strong penetration of imports
• IV.1.3 Appraisal and outlook

IV.2 THE ROLE OF EUROPEAN FORESTS: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ECOLOGICAL ISSUES

• IV.2.1 The many roles of an environment that offers society a wide rang of products and services
  • 2.1.1 - Economic roles
  • 2.1.2 - Ecological roles
  • 2.1.3 - Social roles
• IV.2.2 An understanding of the interactive roles of the forest varying with times and countries
  • 2.2.1 - Forests and society: a brief survey of the historical evolution of the role alloted to forests
  • 2.2.2 - Assessing the relative importance granted by the European countries to the roles of the forest
  • 2.2.3 - Relations between the roles: a complex system which keeps evolving
• IV.2.3 Appraisal and outlook
  • 2.3.1 - Current issues
  • 2.3.2 - Guidelines for the future

IV.3. THE MAJOR PROBLEMS AFFECTING THE FORESTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: DAMAGE CAUSED TO FORESTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES

• IV.3.1 The European "green lung" under attack: a myth or a reality ?
  • 3.1.1 - An animated scientific debate that lays down the law
  • 3.1.2 - When in doubt, contemplate the worst
• IV.3.2 The protective roles of pertubed forests
  • 3.2.1 - Protection against forest fires, erosion and the forming of barrend lands in the mediterranean climate
  • 3.2.2 - Protection against natural risks in mountainous regions
  • 3.2.3 - Protection against wind erosion in the littoral
• IV.3.3 Insects, diseases, withering and windfall: what are the biotic and non biotic attacks ?
  • 3.3.1 - Man biotic attacks: insects and diseases
  • 3.3.2 - Non biotic attacks: forest decline
  • 3.3.3 - Windfalls: Europe in the wind
• IV.3.4 The scourge of forest fires
  • 3.4.1 - Make allowances for fire
  • 3.4.2 - Prevention and cure
  • 3.4.3 - Targetting efforts to avoid irreversible consequences
• IV.3.5 The biological diversty of forest ecosystems: several possible threats but a growing awareness
  • 3.5.1 - The destruction of the forest
  • 3.5.2 - The fragmentation of forest areas
  • 3.5.3 - The deterioration of forest ecosystems
  • 3.5.4 - The over-exploitation of a resource
  • 3.5.5 - The influence of forest management
  • 3.5.6 - Protected areas
  • 3.5.7 - Knowing biodiversty better so as to help preserve it
  • 3.5.8 - The price to pay to preserve biodiversity
• IV.3.6 Forest management: constantly looking for a technical adaptation
  • 3.6.1 - The weight of history
  • 3.6.2 - When managing forests in the European Union means overcoming several difficulties
  • 3.6.3 - A very unequal management getting more and more global and complex
  • 3.6.4 - Europe's assets for a more and more complex and wise forest management
• IV.3.7 The impact on the forest of man's various activities
  • 3.7.1 - City forests and country forests
  • 3.7.2 - In the south, overgrazing
  • 3.7.3 - City dwellers and tourists everywhere
• IV.3.8 Agricultural lands and forests: complementarity and competition when taking up the land
  • 3.8.1 - Global statistics which hide modifications in the way of the land use
  • 3.8.2 - A general increase in forest areas
• IV.3.9 The threat of deforestation, erosion and the forming of barren lands
  • 3.9.1 - Deforestation: a mastered evolution?
  • 3.9.2 - Erosion: local, but destructive, scars
  • 3.9.3 - The forming of barren lands: a marginal threat wich can locally require particular attention
• IV.3.10 The "forest-game" equilibrium
  • 3.10.1 - What does the forest game equilibrium mean?
  • 3.10.2 - How to act on the forest fauna equilibrium?
  • 3.10.3 - The upset equilibrium in some countries: the population explosion of game animals
  • 3.10.4 - Managing abundance
• IV.3.11 Trends and propspects
  • 3.11.1 - Many sided attack mecanisms
  • 3.11.2 - Reaction opportunities

IV.4 THE NATIONAL POLICIES OF MEMBER STATES

• IV.4.1 The general principles of public interventions
  • 4.1.1 - The forest: a "secondary priority" for governments
  • 4.1.2 - A strong public presence justified by the specifics contraints of the forestry world
• IV.4.2 Forestry institutions in the member states: structure and organisation
  • 4.2.1 - Public organisations
  • 4.2.2 - Professional organisations
• IV.4.3 National forestry policies: objectives and implementation
  • 4.3.1 - General policies presented by the Member States
  • 4.3.2 - Legal measures
  • 4.3.3 - Economic measures, public subsidies
  • 4.3.4 - Institutional measures
  • 4.3.5 - Research and training measures
• IV.4.4 Appraisal and outlook
  • 4.4.1 - Context
  • 4.4.2 - Trends
  • 4.4.3 - Guidelines for the future

IV.5 THE EUROPEAN UNION FORESTRY POLICY

• IV.5.1 The difficult genesis of forestry in Europe
  • 5.1.1 - A brief historical survey
  • 5.1.2 - Current instruments and principles
  • 5.1.3 - The role of the European Parliament
• IV.5.2 The measures concerning the forest taken by the European Community
  • 5.2.1 - Harmonisation
  • 5.2.2 - Structuring ownership and improving forest management
  • 5.2.3 - Protecting forests against air pollution
  • 5.2.4 - Protecting forest against fire
  • 5.2.5 - Helping wood processing industries
  • 5.2.6 - Promoting research
  • 5.2.7 - Improving the information network
• IV.5.3 Analysing forestry measures within the framework of the main policies and instruments they are linked to.
  • 5.3.1 - Forestry measures taken up in the context of the reform of the CAP
  • 5.3.2 - Forestry measures and the European Union policy concerning the environment
  • 5.3.3 - Forestry measures in the context of the European Union structural actions
  • 5.3.4 - Forestry measures and the Maastricht treaty
• IV.5.4 Coordination rules between the European Union policy and the Member States' policies
  • 5.4.1 - A diffuse adjusting process
  • 5.4.2 - The European Union official authorities
  • 5.4.3 - Organisations not belonging to the European Union
  • 5.4.4 - The "networks"
• IV.5.5 The action of the European Union and international action
  • 5.5.1 - The development of global reflections
  • 5.5.2 - Impacts on the European Union policy
• IV.5.6 Appraisal and outlook
  • 5.6.1 - Drawing up a plan: a necessity
  • 5.6.2 - A political responsability

APPENDIX

English translation of the contents, the memorandum, and of part one "Summary and proposals"

COLOR DOCUMENTARY FILE

Part five
SPECIFIC TOPICS

V.0 STATISTICS AND METHOD: HOW TO MAKE ONE'S WAY IN A FOREST OF FIGURES

• V.0.1 The statistical stake
  • 0.1.1 - Still very heterogeneous sources
  • 0.1.2 - A survey of the historical evolution as regards the gathering and interpretation of statistics
  • 0.1.3 - Elements to assess the current situation
• V.0.2 Typology and nomenclature adopted in this book
  • 0.2.1 - Forest resource
  • 0.2.2 - The impact of the choice of criteria concerning geographical grouping
  • 0.2.3 - Products and roles of the forest
  • 0.2.4 - The wood products sector: what limits?
• V.0.3 - The instruments for a better communication
  • 0.3.1 - At the world level
  • 0.3.2 - Inside the European Union

EUROPE AND THE FORESTRY WORLD

V.1 THE Xth FORESTRY CONGRESS: THE ROLE OF EUROPEAN EXPERTISE IN PROMOTING GLOBAL ACTION TO SUPPORT FORESTS

• V.1.1 A history of world forestry congresses
• V.1.2 The contents of the debates and the main conclusions
• V.1.3 The european expertise in the service of sustainable management of the world forests

V.2 THE RIO CONFERENCE

• V.2.1 Origins and preparation of the conference
  • 2.1.1- The first conference on human environment
  • 2.1.2 - The "Bruntland" report
  • 2.1.3 - The preparation of the conference
• V.2.2 The conference itself
  • 2.2.1 - An event of exceptional scope
  • 2.2.2 - A contrasted assessment: a historical compromise or a false start ?
• V.2.3 Main consequences concerning the forest, more precisely
  • 2.3.1 - The political declaration on forests
  • 2.3.2 - The forest in "Agenda 21"
  • 2.3.3 - The world convention on climatic changes
  • 2.3.4 - The world convention on biological diversity
  • 2.3.5 - NGO's and the forest
• V.2.4 Appraisal and outkook

V.3 THE INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE TROPICAL TIMBER TRADE (ITTA- GATT)

• V.3.1 Timber retention by exporting countries
  • 3.1.1 - An increasing tendency ?
  • 3.1.2 - The example of Indonesia
• V.3.2 The restriction of tropical timber imports
  • 3.2.1 - Tariff barriers
  • 3.2.2 - Non tariff barriers
• V.3.3 The opening of the European Union
  • 3.3.1 - The mecanisms in place
  • 3.3.2 - The inadequacies
• V.3.4 International trade and the protection of forest
  • 3.4.1 - A new concern
  • 3.4.2 - Unilateral initiatives
  • 3.4.3 - The opportunity of an international agreement
• V.3.5 The International Tropical Timber Agreement (ITTA)
  • 3.5.1 - The participants
  • 3.5.2 - The objectives
  • 3.5.3 - The ITTA incidence on tropical timber trade
• V.3.6 The International Tropical Timber Organisation (ITTO)
  • 3.6.1 - Its structure
  • 3.6.2 - A first assessment
  • 3.6.3 - Objective 2000
• V.3.7 The stands taken in other events
  • 3.7.1 - The Cartagena commitment
  • 3.7.2 - The UNCED
• V.3.8 The renegociation of the International Tropical Timber Agreement
  • 3.8.1 - Two major preoccupations
  • 3.8.2 - Diverging positions
  • 3.8.3. - Prospects
• V.3.9 GATT and the protection of the environment
  • 3.9.1 - GATT: originally a trade agreement only
  • 3.9.2 - The GATT discussion on the environment
  • 3.9.3 - The compatibility of the policies for the protection of the environment with the measures imposed by GATT
  • 3.9.4 - Prospects
• V.3.10 Tropical Timber Trade in question
  • 3.10.1 - Between liberalism and prohibition ...
  • 3.10.2 - ... a partner in the debate on sustainable management

V.4 THE BOREAL FORESTS

• V.4.1 The features of the boreal forests
  • 4.1.1 - Climatic strain
  • 4.1.2 - Soil
  • 4.1.3 - The specific composition of boreal forests
  • 4.1.4 - The natural dynamic of boreal forests
  • 4.1.5 - Man's influence on boreal forests
• V.4.2 General statistics on boreal forests
  • 4.2.1 - Sources of information
  • 4.2.2 - The extension of boreal forests
  • 4.2.3 - The output of boreal forests
• V.4.3. Development of boreal forests
  • 4.3.1 - A historical survey
  • 4.3.2 - Very favorable conditions
  • 4.3.3 - A contrasted evolution
• V.4.4 The other uses of boreal forests
• V.4.5 Native people from the boreal forests
• V.4.6 Boreal forests in the world trade of forests products
• V.4.7 Boreal forests: a threat for the european forest economy ?
  • 4.7.1 - Pioneering exploitation versus developed forestry
  • 4.7.2 - The Canadian threat is fading away
  • 4.7.3 - Russian uncertainties
• V.4.8 Appraisal and outlook

V.5 THE FORESTS OF SCANDINAVIA AND CENTRAL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES WHICH HAVE APPLIED FOR ACCESSION:

• V.5.1 General data concerning the Nothern Europe wood forest sector
  • 5.1.1 - The forests
  • 5.1.2 - Availability and timber harvesting
  • 5.1.3 - The products and the wood market
• V.5.2 The specific analysis of Finland
  • 5.2.1 - The forest
  • 5.2.2 - Availability and timber harvesting
  • 5.2.3 - The products and the wood market
  • 5.2.4 - Forest and wood policy
• V.5.3 The specific analysis of Sweden
  • 5.3.1 - The forest
  • 5.3.2 - Availability and timber harvesting
  • 5.3.3 - The products and the wood market
  • 5.3.4 - Wood as a source of energy
  • 5.3.5 - Forest and wood policy
• V.5.4 The analysis of Switzerland and Austria
  • 5.4.1 - The forest
  • 5.4.2 - Availability and timber harvesting
  • 5.4.3 - Forest products and the wood market
• V.5.5 Prospects: the consequences of accession on the economy of the wood sector

V.6 THE FORESTS OF EASTERN EUROPE: APPRAISAL AND OUTLOOK

• V.6.1 A few fundamental data on forests
• V.6.2 The main problems of the forest and of the wood economy in Eastern European countries
  • 6.2.1 - The protection of the environment and the damage caused to forests
  • 6.2.2 - Forest ownership and management
  • 6.2.3 - The infrastructures
  • 6.2.4 - The wood market, jobs and economic performances
  • 6.2.5 - Capitals
• V.6.3 Appraisal and outlook

THE PARTICULARITIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION POLICY AS REGARDS TROPICAL FORESTS

V.7 THE POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AS REGARDS THE DEVELOPMENT AND CONSERVATION OF TROPICAL FORESTS

• V.7.1. The concepts of sustainable management and conservation of tropical forests
  • 7.1.1 - The ambiguity of the definitions
  • 7.1.2 - The reasons why the concepts have evolved
  • 7.1.3 - The position of the European Union
• V.7.2. The programme for the conservation and rational use of forest ecosystems in central Africa
  • 7.2.1 - A brief historical survey
  • 7.2.2 - Objectives
  • 7.2.3 - Modes of action
  • 7.2.4 - General survey
• V.7.3. The Brasilian Pilot Program (BPP)
  • 7.3.1 - A brief historical survey
  • 7.3.2 - Objectives
  • 7.3.3 - Modes of action
  • 7.3.4 - General survey
  • 7.3.5 - A primary assessment
• V.7.4. Projects of development concerning directly or indirectly tropical forests: two examples
  • 7.4.1 - The Philippines
  • 7.4.2 - Amazonia
• V.7.5. Appraisal and outlook: towards an offensive strategy ?

V.8 THE LINK BETWEEN TROPICAL FORESTS AND THE SURVIVAL OF NATIVE POPULATIONS

• V.8.1 The populations of the dense and humid tropical forests
• V.8.2 Forest economics
  • 8.2.1 - A wide range of ways of life
  • 8.2.2 - Virgin... forests ?
• V.8.3 The social organisation of native forest people
• V.8.4 The current deterioration in the preservation fo the traditional ways of life of forest people
  • 8.4.1 - The responsibility of forest exploitation
  • 8.4.2 - Colonization by non native people
  • 8.4.3 - The impact of cash crops
• V.8.5 The answers of native forest people to the current pressure exercised on their habitat
• V.8.6 The technical conditions of the preservation of the binomial "native people and dense tropical forests"
  • 8.6.1 - Mastering agricultural evolution
  • 8.6.2 - Managing the actions aimed at protecting the environment
• V.8.7 Nation-States and native people
  • 8.7.1 - Key questions
  • 8.7.2 - Listening to the native populations of tropical forests
  • 8.7.3 - The role of international authorities

V.9 THE INDUSTRIES OF THE TROPICAL TIMBER PRODUCING COUNTRIES

• V.9.1 The industries of the tropical timber producing countries
  • 9.1.1 - Processing industry: first level
  • 9.1.2 - Processing industry: second level
  • 9.1.3 - A survey per country
• V.9.2 Industries in the importing countries of the European Union
  • 9.2.1 - The situation in the different European Union countries
  • 9.2.2 - Processing and use of tropical timber in the European Union
• V.9.3 Trade exchanges of tropical timber between the main producing and consuming coutries
  • 9.3.1 - The main trade exchanges
  • 9.3.2 - Exports from producing countries
  • 9.3.3 - Imports coming from tropical timber producing countries
• V.9.4 Appraisal and outlook
  • 9.4.1 - How to help developing countries as regards wood processing ?
  • 9.4.2 - The European Union: a marginal role on the world markets
  • 9.4.3 - The implementation of sustainable management: towards a new equilibration ?

V.10 TROPICAL FOREST RESEARCH

• V.10.1 A general panorama
  • 10.1.1 - Limited means
  • 10.1.2 - Partner organisations
• V.10.2 The orientations of research
  • 10.2.1 - Natural forest
  • 10.2.2 - Plantations
  • 10.2.3 - Agroforestry
  • 10.2.4 - Forest products
  • 10.2.5 - Forest policies
• V.10.3 Skills and instruments
  • 10.3.1 - Traditional skills
  • 10.3.2 - New skills
  • 10.3.3 - General skills
• V.10.4 Appraisal and outlook
  • 10.4.1 - A mixed assessment
  • 10.4.2 - Guidelines for the future

A SELECTION OF QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE EUROPEAN HERITAGE

V.11 FOREST HEALTH CHECK: HOW TO PROTECT THE FOREST IN THE EUROPEAN UNION FROM ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION ?

• V.11.1 The impact of atmospheric pollution on forests
  • 11.1.1 - The birth of a new approach and of new concepts concerning the incidence of atmospheric pollution on forests
  • 11.1.2 - Why do forest decline? The impact of atmospheric pollution
  • 11.1.3 - The economic, social and ecological consequences of the forest decline
• V.11.2 The European Union measures aiming at improving directly or indirectly the health of forests
  • 11.2.1 - Fighting against atmospheric pollution
  • 11.2.2 - The EEC aid programme aiming at protecting the health of forests
  • 11.2.3 - Encouraging results
• V.11.3 Complementary national measures aiming at improving the health of forests
• V.11.4 Controlling air pollution in the European Union: legal aspects
• V.11.5 Does a policy based on research constitute an effective action for the health of the forests?
  • 11.5.1 - Atmospheric pollution is not the answer to everything
  • 11.5.2 - A closer observation and a better understanding of the ecosystems: means to protect forests

V.12 FOREST FIRES: HOW TO COMBAT THE SCOURGE ?

• V.12.1 More and more numerous forest fires
  • 12.1.1 - Social and structural causes
  • 12.1.2 - Active prevention
  • 12.1.3 - Surveying and then fighting
  • 12.1.4 - Important ecological, economic and social consequences
• V.12.2 Numerous national and pan-community measures
• V.12.3 Pilot projects: improving instruments and renforcing synergy in a global scheme
• V.12.4 A complex set of laws
• V.12.5 From preventing to fighting forest fires
  • 12.5.1 - Ordeal by fire
  • 12.5.2 - Targeting actions and financial means

V.13 ARE MEDITERRANEAN FORESTS UNDER THREAT OF EXTINCTION?

• V.13.1 An ecological and historical entity
  • 13.1.1 - Around the Mediterranean
  • 13.1.2 - Tough and contrasted ecological conditions
  • 13.1.3 - The weight of history
• V.13.2 Polyvalent forests
  • 13.2.1 - Wood and numerous products
  • 13.2.2 - Soil protection and biological diversity
  • 13.2.3 - The forest as the backbone of numerous activities and traditions
• V.13.3 A difficult forestry development
  • 13.3.1 - Clearly defined natural constraints
  • 13.3.2 - Man's pressure: old and yet more and more active
  • 13.3.3 - Forests as a support for numerous traditions and activities
• V.13.4 Specific forestry policies
  • 13.4.1 - Within the Member States
  • 13.4.2 - Within the Mediterranean unity
• V.13.5 Are forests condemned?
  • 13.5.1 - Man separated from the forest
  • 13.5.2 - Encouraging actions
  • 13.5.3 - A preoccupying situation

V.14 FOREST, ENVIRONMENT AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT: A FALSE DICHOTOMY ?

• V.14.1 An evolving rural world
  • 14.1.1 - The specific features of rural areas
  • 14.1.2 - The assets of the rural world
  • 14.1.3 - Problems of structure
  • 14.1.4 - The agriculture under transformation
• V.14.2 The role of the forest in rural development
  • 14.2.1 - The forest and economic activities
  • 14.2.2 - The protection of forest resources and sustainable development
  • 14.2.3 - The forest and the development of rural areas
• V.14.3 The role of forests in the protection of the environment
  • 14.3.1 - The regulation of the great ecological balances
  • 14.3.2 - The protection of nature
• V.14.4 National and pan-community measures to improve the integration of forestry actions in the development of rural areas
  • 14.4.1 - A global approach of rural areas
  • 14.4.2 - Pan-community forestry policies and rural development
• V.14.5 The place of reafforestation
• V.14.6 The forest in symbiosis with the rural areas
  • 14.6.1 - Adapting the strategies to the great local contexts
  • 14.6.2 - Integrating the forest in the actions for the development

V.15 AFFORESTATION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND: A VIABLE OPTION FOR EX-FARMLAND ?

• V.15.1 Policies of afforestation
  • 15.1.1 - From the Rome Treaty to the afforestation of agricultural land
  • 15.1.2 - Complementary national measures
• V.15.2 The evolution of agricultural land
• V.15.3 Why afforest agricultural land?
• V.15.4 Afforestation: a mirage or a miracle?
• V.15.5 Side policies
• V.15.6 Betting on the future

V.16 THE FOREST AS A KEY FACTOR OF EMPLOYMENT IN MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS

• V.16.1 Where does the mountain end?V.16.2 The different types of mountain forests
  • 16.2.1 - Medium mountains from the north and the east
  • 16.2.2 - Alpine and Pyrenean mountains
  • 16.2.3 - Mediterranean mountains
• V.16.3 The system of landownership: the weight of history
• V.16.4 The example of Alpine and Pyrenean forests
  • 16.4.1 - Multifonction forests
  • 16.4.2 - Specific foretry treatments
  • 16.4.3 - Strong exploitation constraints
• V.16.5 National and pan-community measures
  • 16.5.1 - Contrasted national measures
  • 16.5.2 - Pan-communiy measures in favour of mountain forests
  • 16.5.3 - An acknowledged specificity

V.17 THE FOREST AS A RENEWABLE RESOURCE FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION

• V.17.1 Using wood as a source of energy: the conciliation of the ecological and economic roles of forests
  • 17.1.1 - Local and global economic stakes
  • 17.1.2 - Economic impacts on the whole sector
• V.17.2 The facors influencilng the classsical and new ways of using wood as a source of energy
  • 17.2.1 - Wood as an ancestral energy
  • 17.2.2 - Wood as an energy of the future
• V.17.3 Towards an increase in the use of wood as an energy?

V.18 TIMBER AND BY-PRODUCT INDUSTRY: THE IMPACT OF FORESTRY POLICIES?

• V.18.1 A favourable context
• V.18.2 Wood processing industry: the primary sector
  • 18.2.1 - Companies located in the rural world
  • 18.2.2 - The sawnwood deficit
  • 18.2.3 - A sensitive and strategic sector under restructuration
• V.18.3 The industry of semi finished products made of wood
  • 18.3.1 - Specialized companies
  • 18.3.2 - International competition
  • 18.3.3 - An increasing production and consumption
• V.18.4 The timber construction element industry
  • 18.4.1 - The weight of traditions
  • 18.4.2 - A growing output
  • 18.4.3 - Wood as an ecological material
• V.18.5 The industry of other wooden products
  • 18.5.1 - An important job reservoir
  • 18.5.2 - A high international competition
• V.18.6 The furniture industry
  • 18.6.1 - A high added value
  • 18.6.2 - A boosting sector with a surplus balance
• V.18.7 The paper and cardboard industry
  • 18.7.1 - Big industrial plants
  • 18.7.2 - A sector in deficit
  • 18.7.3 - An active international competition
• V.18.8 Forestry industries in the economy of the Member States: comparison with the timber industry in other countries
  • 18.8.1 - A vast and diversified forest, under sustainable management
  • 18.8.2 - A powerful and various industry
  • 18.8.3 - A high internaitonal competition
• V.18.9 National and pan-community measures: financing, coordination and efficiency

V.19 THE CORK OAK INDUSTRY: AN EXAMPLE OF THE MULTIDISCIPLINARY ROLE OF THE FOREST

• V.19.1 A speciality of mediterranean countries
  • 19.1.1 - Two thirds of the world's cork oak forest
  • 19.1.2 - Fragile and threatened cork oak forests
• V.19.2 The European Union: the first producer in the world
  • 19.2.1 - A fluctuating production
  • 19.2.2 - A processing industry under transformation
  • 19.2.3 - Traditional use and the search for new outlets
• V.19.3 National and pan-community measures: financing, coordination and efficiency
  • 19.3.1 - Numerous pan-community measures
  • 19.3.2 - Uncertain national policies
• V.19.4 Putting a halt to the output decline as regards quantity and quality
  • 19.4.1 - Contrasted national policies
  • 19.4.2 - An increasing world demand

V.20 RESEARCH AS A MEAN OF ENHANCING THE VALUE OF FORESTS

• V.20.1 The stakes in forestry research
  • 20.1.1- Research and the value of forests
  • 20.1.2 - The specific features of forestry research
• V.20.2 The fields of research
  • 20.2.1 - Understanding and managing forest ecosystems
  • 20.2.2 - Forest products
  • 20.2.3 - Man and the forest
• V.20.3 National programmes
  • 20.3.1 - Methodology and the limits of the survey
  • 20.3.2 - Some tendencies of the national research projects concerning forestry
  • 20.3.3 - The tendencies of the national projects concerning forest products and by products
• V.20.4 Pan-community programmes
  • 20.4.1 - Research in the European Union
  • 20.4.2 - Forest and wood in the RDCP
  • 20.4.3 - The evolution of pan-community orientations
  • 20.4.4 - Other scientific research supported by the European Union
• V.20.5 International programme with EU's participation
• V.20.6 Appraisal and outlook
  • 20.6.1 - The European Union ignorance of the specificity of forestry research
  • 20.6.2 - The forest ecosystem in the biosphere
  • 20.6.3 - The analytical survey and the management of the forest and its components
  • 20.6.4 - The survey of forest products
  • 20.6.5 - The economy of the forest and its products
  • 20.6.6 - The inadequacy of pan-community programmes with forestry research
  • 20.6.7 - The strategy in forestry research
  • 20.6.8 - Assessing the works in research
• V.20.7 Towards a specific and well structured strategy

Part six
MONOGRAPHS

GERMANY
BELGIUM
DENMARK
SPAIN
FRANCE
GRECE
IRLAND
ITALY
LUXEMBURG
THE NETHERLANDS
PORTUGAL
THE UNITED KINGDOM

TECHNICAL APPENDICES

LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE SUPERVISING COMMITTEE
EUROFOR DATA SHEET
INDEX
GLOSSARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Parlement européen
Révisé le 1er septembre 1996
URL: http://www.europarl.ep.ec/dg7/forest/fr/contents.htm