Latest documents

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EU framework on alternative dispute resolution for consumers

01-02-2024 PE 757.788 IMCO
Briefing
Summary : Directive (2013/11/EU) on alternative dispute resolution for consumer disputes (the 'ADR Directive') provides an out-of-court solution for consumers to resolve disputes on goods and services purchased from traders established in the single market. Together with Regulation (EU) No 524/2013 on online dispute resolution for consumer disputes (the 'ODR Regulation'), the ADR Directive forms a horizontal EU-level framework for alternative dispute resolution. The significant increase of online sales, in particular during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as contractual challenges exposed by the energy crisis, have highlighted the continued importance of an effective, low-cost and fair way to resolve disputes between consumers and traders. Typically, these disputes concern return of money, reparation of faulty products, or termination of a contract based on unfair terms. Although the ADR mechanisms are deemed a clear improvement for consumers, the digitalisation of the consumer market, the complexity of the procedures and lack of awareness challenge the existing ADR architecture adopted in 2013. Despite successive updates, the ODR platform has reportedly not achieved its objectives. On 17 October 2023, the European Commission therefore proposed to introduce targeted amendments to the ADR Directive and to repeal the ODR Regulation. It also put forward a new recommendation setting quality requirements for online marketplaces and EU trade associations providing dispute resolution systems. In addition to aiming for a modernised ADR framework, these proposals for revision contribute to the Better Regulation simplification and burden reduction targets. During the ninth legislature, the European Parliament has addressed ADR in the context of policies having consumer protection – including access to redress – at their core. These include, among other policies, automated decision-making. In addition, Parliament has dealt with several petitions from citizens relating to the implementation and application of the ADR mechanisms in practice. Preliminary rulings of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) have clarified the interpretation of certain provisions of the ADR Directive and thus facilitated legal certainty.
Authors : Susanna TENHUNEN

Alternative dispute resolution for consumers

31-01-2024 PE 753.200 IMCO TRAN
Briefing
Summary : The impact assessment (IA) underpinning the revision of the alternative dispute resolution (ADR) framework presents a robust intervention logic. It puts forward four policy options (including a non-regulatory option) with varying degrees of ambition; however, the description of the different policy options would have benefited from more depth and detail. The IA assesses the policy options in terms of their economic, social and environmental impacts and their effects on fundamental rights. While large parts of the analysis are mainly qualitative, the section on economic impacts is also supported by quantitative data and estimations. Although the IA acknowledges that most businesses concerned are SMEs, the impact on SMEs is not further assessed. Similarly, more reflection on the impact of extending the directive's scope to third-country traders would have been warranted. The IA's evidence base appears solid: in addition to a comprehensive stakeholder consultation, it drew on an ex-post evaluation (conducted 'back to back' with the IA), Commission reports on the application of the current ADR/ODR framework, and several highly relevant and up to-date studies. The legislative proposal appears to follow broadly the IA's preferred option, despite some clear differences.
Authors : Irmgard ANGLMAYER

Research for REGI Committee - Cohesion Policy in the outermost regions

25-01-2024 PE 747.283 IMCO
At a Glance
Summary : This At a glance note summarises the study focusing on EU Cohesion Policy in the nine outermost regions. The study first outlines the geographic, climate, socio-economic, demographic and administrative characteristics of these regions and further analyses the vulnerabilities affecting their convergence processes. It pays particular attention to the implementation of EU Cohesion Policy and the use of place-based approaches to foster their economic growth. Finally, it reviews the importance of Article 349 of the TFEU and concludes with recommendations for its wider application.
Authors : Ambre MAUCORPS, Mário José Amaral FORTUNA, Tomás LOPES CAVALHEIRO PONCE DENTINHO, Philippe JEAN-PIERRE, Sergio MORENO GIL & Patricia PICAZO PERAL
Linked documents

Study

Introducing a European disability card and a European parking card

Briefing
Summary : The IA supporting the proposal for a European disability card and a European parking card builds on the experience of two instruments already in place: i) the EU disability card pilot project rolled out in eight participating Member States since 2016, and ii) the EU parking card for persons with disabilities, introduced EU-wide in 1998 through Council Recommendation 98/376/EC. The IA draws on a wide range of data, including a supporting study (which, however, is not linked and does not seem to have been published) and a recent study assessing the implementation of the disability card pilot project. The IA presents a clear and comprehensive intervention logic. It puts forward two policy options in addition to the baseline scenario, duly analysing the potential impacts, with a focus on social, fundamental rights and economic impacts. Stakeholder input was taken into account throughout the IA. Disability organisations were involved in the consultations; in addition, in line with the UN CRPD and the BRG, the open public consultation included accessible formats (e.g. a questionnaire in easy-to-read format). The legislative proposal broadly follows the IA, with some minor differences regarding the scope, delegated acts and review clauses.
Authors : Irmgard ANGLMAYER

AT A GLANCE Policy Departments’ Monthly Highlights - November 2023

At a Glance
Authors : ANDRZEJ SANDERSKI, ANNA MANGINI

Market surveillance for effective consumer protection in the EU The role of Market Surveillance Authorities and their cross-border cooperation (At A Glance - Study In Focus)

09-11-2023 PE 754.193 IMCO
At a Glance
Summary : This At A Glance - Study In Focus provides information on the role of market surveillance at EU and Member State level, analysing the EU market surveillance framework, its gaps and challenges, as well as cross-border cooperation between market surveillance authorities and collaboration with and among customs authorities for effective consumer protection. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : Matthew GERACI, Giovanni CARLETTI, Michela GASPERINI, Margaux TRUC, Arianna CANTARELLI & Emmanuel HASSAN.
Linked documents

Study

Market surveillance for effective consumer protection in the EU The role of Market Surveillance Authorities and their cross-border cooperation

31-10-2023 PE 754.190 IMCO
Study
Summary : This study examines the role of market surveillance at EU and Member State level, analysing the EU market surveillance framework, its gaps and challenges, as well as cross-border cooperation between market surveillance authorities and collaboration with and among customs authorities for effective consumer protection. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : Matthew GERACI, Giovanni CARLETTI, Michela GASPERINI, Margaux TRUC, Arianna CANTARELLI & Emmanuel HASSAN
Linked documents

At a Glance

Cross-border claims to looted art

Study
Summary : This study addresses cross-border restitution claims to looted art, considering Nazi-looted art and colonial takings, but also more recent cultural losses resulting from illicit trafficking. Although these categories differ considerably, commonalties exist. The study highlights blind spots in the legal and policy frameworks and formulates recommendations on how these could be bridged. This study was commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the JURI Committee.
Authors : Evelien CAMPFENS

The performance of the Package Travel Directive and broader consumer protection issues in the implementation of passenger rights (At A Glance - Study In Focus)

13-10-2023 PE 754.189 IMCO
At a Glance
Summary : This At A Glance - Study In Focus provides information on the implementation and enforcement of the Package Travel Directive (PTD) in the EU with a focus on ten EU Member States. It summarises areas for improvement, such as adapting the definition of package travel to accommodate evolving industry trends, addressing pre-contractual information gaps, improving payment practices, tackling challenges in the digital environment, enhancing enforcement mechanisms, promoting alternative dispute resolution, and increasing consumer awareness. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : Annette CERULLI-HARMS, Alessandra INNESTI, Nessa GORMAN, Pietro PALUMBO, Cristina PONCIBO’ & Jelena VITIC.
Linked documents

Study

The performance of the Package Travel Directive and broader consumer protection issues in the implementation of passenger rights

28-09-2023 PE 740.097 IMCO
Study
Summary : This study evaluates the implementation and enforcement of the Package Travel Directive (PTD) in the EU with a focus on ten EU Member States. It identifies areas for improvement, such as adapting the definition of package travel to accommodate evolving industry trends, addressing pre-contractual information gaps, improving payment practices, tackling challenges in the digital environment, enhancing enforcement mechanisms, promoting alternative dispute resolution, and increasing consumer awareness. The study aims to enhance the PTD’s effectiveness, protect travellers’ rights, and foster a consumer-friendly package travel market in the EU. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies for the committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : Annette CERULLI-HARMS, Alessandra INNESTI, Nessa GORMAN, Pietro PALUMBO, Cristina PONCIBO’ & Jelena VITIC
Linked documents

At a Glance

Revision of EU customs legislation

21-09-2023 PE 747.466 IMCO
Briefing
Summary : The IA supports the revision of the EU customs legislation to ensure an integrated approach to reinforcing the customs processes, data management and governance framework. It considers four policy options (POs), each with an increasing degree of ambition and a concrete implementation timeline. The four POs are complimentary, rather than separate alternatives, and appear realistic and self-standing. The IA assesses the impacts of all POs both quantitatively and qualitatively, and selects PO4 – 'EU Customs Authority for coordination and operations, managing the EU Customs Data Space' – as the preferred option. While the IA argues convincingly that the preferred option would significantly simplify the customs processes and that all economic operators, including SMEs, are expected to gain from this, it would have been useful if the IA had featured a targeted analysis of the impacts on competitiveness, fundamental rights and an explanation of how the revision of the legislation would contribute to the achievement of the Green Deal's objectives. The IA finds that PO4 is not only the most efficient and most effective, but it is also the most coherent and proportional, addresses challenges identified by the Wise Persons Group, and is future-proof and in line with the JRC foresight report on the Future of the Customs in the EU in 2040. The IA duly integrates foresight in the analysis and appears to be based on sound and recent data, reports by EU institutions, academic literature and stakeholders' consultations. It underlines that capacity to act together as a customs union provided by this option would strengthen the strategic autonomy and resilience of the EU. The IA respects the 'evaluate first' principle and consistently refers to the opinions expressed by the Member States and other stakeholders, but could have provided more clarity on how the different stakeholder categories see the PO4. It indicates that the Commission would monitor the implementation of the reform on a regular basis and that a first evaluation would be carried out in 2035. It also proposes a list of quantifiable success indicators. It appears that the Commission made substantive changes to the IA in response to the opinions of the RSB. The proposal corresponds to the preferred option identified in the IA.
Authors : AUSRA RAKSTELYTE

Future Shocks 2023: Anticipating and weathering the next storms

At a Glance
Summary : The European Parliament launched a process of monitoring possible future risks for the EU during the COVID-19 crisis, and has developed this further during Russia's war on Ukraine. The annual 'Future Shocks' series provides up-to-date, objective, and authoritative information on global risks through a 360° survey based on risk literature from a broad range of sources. Future Shocks 2023: Anticipating and weathering the next storms discusses 15 risks related to geopolitics, climate change, health, economics and democracy that could occur in the coming decade, and 10 policy responses to address both existing governance capacity and possible ways to enhance risk-response capabilities within the EU.
Authors : Gabor Zsolt PATAKI

First EU space strategy for security and defence: What implications for EU strategic autonomy?

28-08-2023 PE 747.448 AFET ITRE IMCO SEDE
At a Glance
Summary : In 2022, the EU Strategic Compass included space as a strategic domain, and called for a dedicated European strategy. In the meantime, Russia's invasion of Ukraine confirmed the key role of space for defence and resilience, but also highlighted vulnerabilities related to space systems. Another 'wake-up call' came from a different direction; SpaceX's advances in reusable rocket technology leading to Starship's first orbital flight test turned the spotlight onto launch providers and access to space. Space is a critical infrastructure issue with growing economic significance. It is also an increasingly contested arena between competing geopolitical interests. To address these rising challenges, in March 2023 the European Commission and the High Representative/Vice-President presented their first joint communication on a European space strategy for security and defence.
Authors : Gabor Zsolt PATAKI

Promoting the repair of consumer goods

17-07-2023 PE 747.455 ENVI IMCO
Briefing
Summary : In line with the overall objectives of the European Green Deal, the proposed initiative aims to render consumption more sustainable by increasing the repair and reuse of defective consumer goods, both within and outside their legal guarantee. It complements two related initiatives that are currently pending (eco-design and empowering consumers for the green transition). The IA presents a clear intervention logic and a seemingly comprehensive qualitative and quantitative assessment of the impacts of the seven policy options proposed, from which it derives a preferred set of options. The comparison of the environmental, economic, social and consumer impacts of the different policy options (including sub-options) relies inter alia on the results of a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) and a cost-benefit analysis (CBA). The IA is specific about the costs that businesses would incur in the context of the OIOO approach. Overall, the proposed directive appears to reflect the preferred set of options identified in the IA. The entire IA draws to a large degree on a supporting study focusing on economic and behavioural analysis, the methodology of which is described in detail in Annex 4. However, despite over 100 direct references to that 'IA study', the IA does not provide access to the supporting study (not even a bibliographic reference), nor does it justify why the study is not disclosed, which goes against the transparency requirements set out in the BRG.
Authors : Irmgard ANGLMAYER

Implementation of the 2018 Geo-blocking Regulation in the Digital Single Market

31-05-2023 PE 740.255 IMCO
In-Depth Analysis
Summary : More than 3 years after the entry into application of the Geo-blocking Regulation (GBR) and more than 2 years after the publication of the Commission report on the first short-term review of the GBR, the European Parliament's Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO) decided to draft a report to establish the extent to which implementation of the GBR had contributed to the integration of the internal market and thereby to better deals for consumers and more opportunities for businesses. The present EIA seeks to assist the IMCO committee in its drafting process, by synthesising the available information on the implementation and enforcement of the GBR. It therefore presents relevant material such as reports and opinions of EU institutions, EU bodies and stakeholders.
Authors : ECKHARD BINDER

A preparedness plan for Europe: Addressing food, energy and technological security

Study
Summary : The current situation in Ukraine has led to severe supply chain disruptions, contributing to a sharp increase in food and commodity prices globally and the limitation of fossil fuel imports from Russia to the EU. Moreover, to end Europe's dependence on semiconductor suppliers from Asian countries, it is necessary to take immediate action of a structural nature, involving all EU Member States and all participants in regional supply markets. The overall aim of this study was to identify drivers of and barriers to building up open strategic autonomy at EU level, before recommending coordinated solutions and addressing supply chain resilience in four critical areas: food security, energy security, semiconductors and satellite communications. This research seeks to contribute to the European Parliament's future work by providing insights into how to protect the European agricultural sector, ensure energy security and the technological sovereignty of semiconductor production, and improve satellite communications.
Authors : This study has been written by Joanna Ejdys, Katarzyna Czerewacz-Filipowicz, Katarzyna Halicka, Anna Kononiuk, Andrzej Magruk, Julia Siderska, Danuta Szpilko of Bialystok University of Technology (Poland) at the request of the Panel for the Future of Science and Technology (STOA) and managed by the Scientific Foresight Unit, within the Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services (EPRS) of the Secretariat of the European Parliament.
Document type

ANN01

Packaging and packaging waste

29-03-2023 PE 740.245 AGRI ENVI ITRE IMCO
Briefing
Summary : The IA provides a good overview of the problems relating to packaging and packaging waste, and the possible impacts of the various measures proposed to address the problems. In its assessment, which is both qualitative and quantitative, the IA relies on a wealth of data sources and modelling. However, it does not clearly indicate the IA supporting studies and their full references; this would have improved transparency. The IA presents three policy options, which are partially incremental and cannot therefore serve as self-standing alternatives. The IA provides sufficient justification for the preferred option. Broad stakeholder consultations were carried out and the IA presents stakeholders' views, although on individual measures rather than on the three policy options. The description of the monitoring and evaluation plan is rather limited; for example, the operational objectives and the timeframe for the evaluation are not explained. On a technical point, the IA could have made more use of the material from the extensive annexes, for example, to describe the policy options and the third problem in more detail in the main text.
Authors : ULLA-MARI TUOMINEN

A Comparative Analysis of Member States' Customs Authorisation Procedures for the Entry of Products into the European Union

06-02-2023 PE 740.066 IMCO
At a Glance
Summary : Implementation of EU customs legislation with regard to areas such as risk management and impact management measures differs across Member States. National systems also diverge in the extent to which they have been updated in line with the UCC. Furthermore, significant differences in sanctions regimes create barriers to trade and distortions in the Single Market. This study makes recommendations to Member States and the EU to address some of the weaknesses of the current customs controls and sanctions regime. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : Pierre HAUSEMER, VVA Brussels Ivan BOSCH CHEN, VVA Brussels Nelly PATROCLOU, VVA Brussels

E-commerce and the EU Green Deal - Analysis of the environmental footprint of online sales in the context of the circular economy

16-01-2023 PE 740.061 IMCO
At a Glance
Summary : The rise of online sales and marketplaces poses new challenges to product safety, consumer protection, and unfair business practices. At the same time, e-commerce has the potential to facilitate more sustainable production processes and consumption patterns and ensure more circularity. This study provides information on the role of e-commerce in implementing the European Green Deal and makes recommendations for future action. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : Luena COLLINI, VVA Brussels Dr. Pierre HAUSEMER, VVA Brussels Ivan BOSCH CHEN, VVA Brussels Jelena VITIC, VVA Brussels J. Scott MARCUS, Bruegel Marie LE MOUEL, Bruegel Marina DUMONT, Pre-sustainability Emilia INGEMARSDOTTER, Pre-sustainability Luca ZAMPORI, Pre-sustainability

EU Mapping: Overview of Internal Market and Consumer Protection related legislation

16-01-2023 PE 740.062 IMCO
Study
Summary : This paper provides a graphic overview on core legislation in the area of the Internal Market and Consumer Protection. The presentation essentially covers the areas within the responsibility of the Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection, but also displays neighbouring areas of other Committees' competences which are closely connected to and impacting on IMCO's work. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies and the Secretariat of the Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO) at the request of the Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection.
Authors : ELENA MAINARDI, MICHAL CZAPLICKI, BARBARA MARTINELLO, DAVID ASHTON, KADRI BRUGEL, Bozica MATIC, Atanaska KOLEVA, DIANE BOURLON DE ROUVRE, GAETANO DE SALVO, SOULTANA DIMOU, MARKO ĆAVARA, JANA CIBIKOVA, SIGNE WINTHER JENSEN, MATHIAS WOSYKA, AGNIESZKA MONIKA WOLSKA, CATHAL LYNCH

Policy Departments’ Monthly Highlights - January 2023

At a Glance
Summary : The Monthly Highlights publication provides an overview, at a glance, of the on-going work of the policy departments, including a selection of the latest and forthcoming publications, and a list of future events.

Establishing the European health data space

11-01-2023 PE 730.342 ENVI LIBE IMCO
Briefing
Summary : Overall, the IA describes the scope of the problem sufficiently well, and explains briefly, but convincingly, the need for EU action, although proportionality does not appear to have been dealt with in any depth. The IA does not define any operational objectives, which would illustrate what the deliverables of the specific policy actions are, although it identifies monitoring indicators for the specific objectives. The sufficient range of retained policy options is structured according to increasing levels of regulatory intervention, and appears to be convincing. However, the IA would have benefited from providing a more user-friendly description of some of the envisaged measures. On the whole, the IA appears to have analysed aspects of the economic impact satisfactorily, while the analysis regarding environmental impacts is very limited, although this appears justified based on the problem definition and the objectives identified. As regards social impacts, the IA quantifies the benefits, expressed in terms of savings in health expenditure, for healthcare providers, patients, researchers and innovators. The analysis regarding the impact on SMEs is rather weak, not least considering that 95 % of the companies operating in the medical technologies sector are SMEs. The analysis of the impact on innovation is not dealt with comprehensively, whereas this would perhaps have been warranted considering that increasing innovation in health products and services is part of the general and specific objectives, while the analysis regarding competitiveness is almost non-existent. The IA appears to have addressed the RSB's comments only partially. The proposal appears to be consistent with the analysis carried out in the IA as regards the envisaged measures included in the preferred options.
Authors : STEFANO VETTORAZZI

Personalised pricing (At A Glance - Study In Focus)

20-12-2022 PE 740.060 IMCO
At a Glance
Summary : The study conceptualises personal pricing, distinguishing different forms including individual prices and group prices. It summarises empirical insights on the occurrence of personal pricing in practice and related consumer attitudes. In its legal part, it analyses whether and how current EU law deals with this phenomenon and identifies regulatory gaps and legal uncertainty, on the basis of which recommendations for future regulation of personalised pricing are presented. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : Prof. Dr. Peter ROTT, Civic Consulting / Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg Dr. Joanna STRYCHARZ, Civic Consulting / University of Amsterdam Dr. Frank ALLEWELDT, Civic Consulting
Linked documents

A Comparative Analysis of Member States' Customs Authorisation Procedures for the Entry of Products into the European Union

19-12-2022 PE 734.002 IMCO
Study
Summary : Implementation of EU customs legislation with regard to areas such as risk management and impact management measures differs across Member States. National systems also diverge in the extent to which they have been updated in line with the UCC. Furthermore, significant differences in sanctions regimes create barriers to trade and distortions in the Single Market. This study makes recommendations to Member States and the EU to address some of the weaknesses of the current customs controls and sanctions regime. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : Pierre HAUSEMER, VVA Brussels Ivan BOSCH CHEN, VVA Brussels Nelly PATROCLOU, VVA Brussels With the support of Santiago IBAÑEZ MARSILLA, Michael LUX, and Michaël VAN GIEL

Strengthening cyber resilience

14-12-2022 PE 734.708 IMCO
Briefing
Summary : The present impact assessment (IA) accompanies the proposal for horizontal cybersecurity requirements for products with digital elements. The IA's strong points include a well-substantiated problem definition, an evidence base that appears to be recent and relevant, and a transparent account of the assumptions and limitations of the analysis. Furthermore, an effort has been made in the IA to quantify the total costs and benefits for the manufacturers of products with digital elements. However, the IA's analysis is predominantly economic, with little focus on environmental or social impacts. In addition to this, the general objectives set in the IA already appear rather prescriptive, leaving only two options that envisage horizontal requirements as real alternatives. Moreover, the IA has only partially reported on the stakeholder consultation activities, has not carried out a proper SME panel consultation, and did not explain why the open public consultation was reduced to 10 weeks.
Authors : Vera VIKOLAINEN

Single Market Emergency Instrument

09-12-2022 PE 734.707 IMCO ECON
Briefing
Summary : The ex-ante analysis of this initiative, aimed at addressing impacts on the single market caused by a potential future crisis, implies major uncertainties and limitations, openly acknowledged by the IA (notably owing to a lack of data). Notwithstanding this important caveat, the IA develops a clear intervention logic, linking the problems with objectives to achieve through three policy options, without, however, fully complying with the Better Regulation Guidelines. It assesses the broad scope of potential impacts of these options (rather than specific impacts), and compares their effectiveness, efficiency and coherence. The interaction with other EU or national anti-crisis tools, including the recently proposed EU chips act, could have been addressed more thoroughly, and more efforts could have been made to quantify at least some effects. Taking the proportionality and subsidiarity principles consistently into account – and notably stakeholder concerns in this respect – the IA does not select a preferred option. This reflects the particularly sensitive, political nature of the decision on the degree of the EU's competence to intervene, under set conditions, in economic processes, so as to avoid disruptions of the single market and EU supply chains in a future crisis.
Authors : Esther KRAMER

E-commerce and the EU Green Deal - Analysis of the environmental footprint of online sales in the context of the circular economy

07-12-2022 PE 734.013 IMCO
Study
Summary : The rise of online sales and marketplaces poses new challenges to product safety, consumer protection, and unfair business practices. At the same time, e-commerce has the potential to facilitate more sustainable production processes and consumption patterns and ensure more circularity. This study provides information on the role of e-commerce in implementing the European Green Deal and makes recommendations for future action. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : Luena COLLINI, VVA Brussels Dr. Pierre HAUSEMER, VVA Brussels Ivan BOSCH CHEN, VVA Brussels Jelena VITIC, VVA Brussels J. Scott MARCUS, Bruegel Marie LE MOUEL, Bruegel Marina DUMONT, Pre-sustainability Emilia INGEMARSDOTTER, Pre-sustainability Luca ZAMPORI, Pre-sustainability

Personalised pricing

29-11-2022 PE 734.008 IMCO
Study
Summary : The study conceptualises personal pricing, distinguishing different forms including individual prices and group prices. It summarises empirical insights on the occurrence of personal pricing in practice and related consumer attitudes. In its legal part, it analyses whether and how current EU law deals with this phenomenon and identifies regulatory gaps and legal uncertainty, on the basis of which recommendations for future regulation of personalised pricing are presented. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : Prof. Dr. Peter ROTT, Civic Consulting / Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg Dr. Joanna STRYCHARZ, Civic Consulting / University of Amsterdam Dr. Frank ALLEWELDT, Civic Consulting

What if a 'Trojan horse' strategy could help address antimicrobial resistance?

16-11-2022 PE 729.544 COVI ENVI IMCO
At a Glance
Summary : Antimicrobial-resistant infections are predicted to become the second biggest cause of death worldwide by 2050. Despite increasing investment in the development of new antimicrobials, awareness campaigns on antimicrobial misuse and abuse, and monitoring of antimicrobial use and resistance in animals, humans and the environment, antimicrobial resistance continues to grow and the last three decades have not seen even one novel antimicrobial class reach the market. Could the answer lie in a 'Trojan horse' strategy to disrupt a natural physiological process common to all bacteria?
Authors : LUISA ANTUNES

Improving distance marketing of consumer financial products

10-11-2022 PE 734.693 IMCO
Briefing
Summary : The present impact assessment (IA) accompanies the proposal amending the 2011 Consumer Rights Directive and repealing the 2002 Distance Marketing of Consumer Financial Services Directive. It is informed by the findings of the Commission's ex-post evaluation of the directive and the evaluation support study, which preceded the IA, in line with the Better Regulation Guidelines' 'evaluate first' principle. The IA's strong points include a well-substantiated problem definition and an evidence base that appears to be recent and relevant. Furthermore, the range of options appears satisfactory, and they represent realistic alternatives. However, the IA's objectives comply only partially with the definition of SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-bound), as they are neither measureable nor achievable, owing to the absence of concrete deliverables and the inclusion of difficult-to-measure concepts. Furthermore, the IA does not compare the options in terms of their proportionality. The fact that IA support study carried out by an external consortium of consultants, the open public consultation summary report, and the contributions received and their annexes were not publicly available at the time of writing undermines the report's transparency. Lastly, the lack of operational objectives in the IA and the fact that the monitoring and evaluation provisions are not taken over in the proposal can undermine the measurement of the initiative's success.
Authors : Vera VIKOLAINEN

Revision of the Construction Products Regulation

09-11-2022 PE 734.692 ENVI IMCO
Briefing
Summary : The IA provides a good information package concerning the revision of the CPR, including a summary of the SME test that was carried out, relying on a wealth of evidence, studies and reports. Yet, while the problem definition is well evidenced, the description of the problems and their scale would have benefited from more detailed explanations. In the extensive stakeholder consultations, stakeholders had different views about the policy options; for example, the preferred option received less support than the options suggesting keeping the baseline or making a revision without major changes. The stakeholder feedback lacked detailed information on the nature of costs for manufacturers and the response rate was low, which weakens the economic analysis and raises doubts about the representativeness of the stakeholder views. The Commission openly explains the uncertainties affecting the economic analysis as well as those linked to the assessment of the risks on health and safety due to the lack of data. The IA provides the justification for the preferred option in terms of effectiveness and coherence criteria, but the efficiency aspect lacks robustness (the comparison of the options is only qualitative). The preferred sub-option of the preferred option was developed after the stakeholder consultation, and therefore the IA does not reflect stakeholders' views on it.
Authors : ULLA-MARI TUOMINEN

Policy Departments’ Monthly Highlights - October 2022

At a Glance
Summary : The Monthly Highlights publication provides an overview, at a glance, of the on-going work of the policy departments, including a selection of the latest and forthcoming publications, and a list of future events.

Consumer protection for the green transition

21-09-2022 PE 734.666 JURI IMCO
Briefing
Summary : The IA is based on solid expertise, with ample information in 13 annexes, some of which form an integral part of the analysis (namely Annexes 5 and 12 for the problem definition and Annex 8 for the assessment of the options' impacts). The qualitative and quantitative assessment of the options is concise, balanced and logical. The IA is transparent regarding methods, assumptions and uncertainties in the analysis, which it addresses through a sensitivity analysis to ensure a robust evidence base. The impacts of all options are assessed against a set of 16 criteria and compared to the baseline in terms of their effectiveness, efficiency, coherence and proportionality. The IA decides against options it considers disproportionate, such as an EU body to pre-approve sustainability labels. It highlights the importance of coherence with other complementary EU actions, but potential interactions could have been indicated in a more precise and structured manner, to better illustrate potential overlaps.
Authors : Esther KRAMER

Tracking the EU Commissioners’ commitments - Von der Leyen Commission, 2019 - 2024

Briefing
Summary : This document is a compilation of briefings that track the commitments made by the Vice-Presidents and Commissioners to the European Parliament – in their written answers to Parliament’s questions, at their hearings, and, in some cases, in subsequent appearances before Parliament’s committees. The document provides an overview of the state-of-play at the mid-term of the von der Leyen Commission. Since many of these commitments were made, major international crises have shifted some political priorities. The Vice-Presidents’ and Commissioners’ progress on their commitments should be considered in this context.

Tracking the EU Commissioners’ commitments - Von der Leyen Commission, 2019 - 2024: Thierry Breton

20-09-2022 PE 658.178 ITRE IMCO
Briefing
Summary : This briefing follows up the commitments made by the commissioner since 2019.

Tracking the EU Commissioners’ commitments - Von der Leyen Commission, 2019 - 2024: Margrethe Vestager

20-09-2022 PE 703.375 ITRE IMCO ECON
Briefing
Summary : This briefing follows up the commitments made by the commissioner since 2019.

Consumer protection in the context of overdraft facilities and overrunning

15-09-2022 PE 733.987 IMCO
At a Glance
Summary : Using available data, the AAG examines the practice of granting credit on the legal basis of credit agreements in the form of an overdraft facility and overrunning in the whole EU and, in more depth, in selected Member States. Furthermore, the study analyses the state of consumer protection in the currently valid Consumer Credit Directive on these types of credit agreements and identifies a number of possibilities for future regulations to improve the so far limited protection in this credit sector. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : Kai-Oliver KNOPS, University of Hamburg

Consumer protection in the context of overdraft facilities and overrunning

07-09-2022 PE 733.969 IMCO
Study
Summary : Using available data, the study examines the practice of granting credit on the legal basis of credit agreements in the form of an overdraft facility and overrunning in the whole EU and, in more depth, in selected Member States. Furthermore, the study analyses the state of consumer protection in the currently valid Consumer Credit Directive on these types of credit agreements and identifies a number of possibilities for future regulations to improve the so far limited protection in this credit sector. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : Kai-Oliver KNOPS, University of Hamburg.

New technologies and new digital solutions for improved safety of products on the internal market

24-08-2022 PE 733.971 IMCO
At a Glance
Summary : The original full study examines how new technologies and digital solutions can help improve consumers’ awareness, while also guaranteeing a better safety of products placed on the Single Market. The study formulates recommendations that provide a framework for a better alignment of existing legislation on product safety and digital services, as well as the European Community sustainability objectives.
Authors : Gaëtan COAT ANROCH, et al.
Linked documents

Policy Departments’ Monthly Highlights - July 2022

At a Glance
Summary : The Monthly Highlights publication provides an overview, at a glance, of the on-going work of the policy departments, including a selection of the latest and forthcoming publications, and a list of future events.

New technologies and new digital solutions for improved safety of products on the internal market

30-06-2022 PE 703.348 IMCO
Study
Summary : The General Product Safety Directive is a cornerstone of the EU product safety legislative framework. Issues and emerging trends have however impacted the effectiveness of the current Directive. This study examines how new technologies and digital solutions can help improve consumers’ awareness, while also guaranteeing a better safety of the products placed on the Single Market. The study formulates recommendations that provide a framework for the better alignment of existing legislation on product safety and digital services, as well as the European Community sustainability objectives. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : Gaëtan COATANROCH, Technopolis Reda NAUSEDAITE, Technopolis Morgane VEILLET LAVALLEE, Technopolis Ivette OOMENS, Technopolis Maarten BOTTERMAN, GNKS Consult Jonathan CAVE, GNKS Consult Elmar CLOOSTERMAN, Technopolis Clara THEBERT, Technopolis Frank ALLEWELDT, Civic Consulting (second reader)
Linked documents

The Digital Single Market and the digitalisation of the public sector - GovTech and other innovations in public procurement (At A Glance - Study In Focus)

20-06-2022 PE 695.490 IMCO
At a Glance
Summary : This research paper provides insight into GovTech and innovation in the context of public procurement. It examines the possibilities for developing an EU GovTech Platform with the aim of supporting the modernisation of the public sector; the further development of the European GovTech market; and engagement with citizens and businesses. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : Marissa HOEKSTRA, TNO Cass CHIDEOCK, TNO Gabriela BODEA, TNO Nitesh BHAROSA, TU Delft Jonathan CAVE, GNKS Consult Ben KOKKELER, Technopolis Ivette OOMENS, Technopolis Annelieke VAN DEN BERG, TNO Anne Fleur VAN VEENSTRA, TNO Frank ALLEWELDT (second reader), Civic Consulting
Linked documents

EU response to economic coercion by third countries

11-05-2022 PE 730.326 AFET IMCO INTA
Briefing
Summary : This initiative focuses specifically on the issue of economic coercion and the EU's possible response, aiming to preserve the EU's open strategic autonomy and policy-making space. The IA clearly defines the problem, its underlying causes, and the objectives to address it. The creation of a new legal instrument to deter and counteract economic coercion is the only type of option retained for analysis. This presumably follows on from the political commitment made in early 2021 (although this is not stated explicitly in the IA). This option was broken down into several policy options based on possible parameters used for the design of the instrument. The IA is substantiated by academic work, stakeholders' contributions and examples. The majority of stakeholders support a new policy instrument and their input contributed to the design of the proposed instrument. The IA focuses mostly on economic impacts, while social and environmental impacts are assessed briefly. Important benefits are expected from the instrument. Costs are expected only from its use, in particular from the application of countermeasures. The IA focuses on a qualitative assessment of impacts linked to the instrument's creation and existence, acknowledging that the impacts linked to the instrument's use are difficult to estimate at the design stage. Adequate monitoring and evaluation of the use of the instrument and of progress made against the objectives will therefore be important aspects that would have benefited from further detail in terms of indicators and provisions. The proposal generally reflects the preferred option of the IA, although some elements differ from the IA, such as the objectives and definition of economic coercion.
Authors : VERONIQUE GIRARD

The Digital Single Market and the digitalisation of the public sector - GovTech and other innovations in public procurement

30-04-2022 PE 703.356 IMCO
Study
Summary : This research paper provides insight into GovTech and innovation in the context of public procurement. It examines the possibilities for developing an EU GovTech Platform with the aim of supporting the modernisation of the public sector; the further development of the European GovTech market; and engagement with citizens and businesses. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : Marissa HOEKSTRA, TNO Cass CHIDEOCK, TNO Gabriela BODEA, TNO Nitesh BHAROSA, TU Delft Jonathan CAVE, GNKS Consult Ben KOKKELER, Technopolis Ivette OOMENS, Technopolis Annelieke VAN DEN BERG, TNO Anne Fleur VAN VEENSTRA, TNO Frank ALLEWELDT (second reader), Civic Consulting
Linked documents

Policy Departments’ Monthly Highlights - May 2022

At a Glance
Summary : The Monthly Highlights publication provides an overview, at a glance, of the on-going work of the policy departments, including a selection of the latest and forthcoming publications, and a list of future events.

Digital Services Act & Digital Markets Act - Collection of studies for the IMCO committee

24-03-2022 PE 703.347 IMCO
Briefing
Summary : This collection of studies presents expert studies and workshop proceedings related to relevant topics of the DSA and the DMA, focusing on opportunities and challenges for the digital single market and consumer protection. The studies result from the ongoing interest of the IMCO committee in improving the functioning of the digital single market and developing e-commerce rules based on scientific evidence and expertise.
Authors : Christina RATCLIFF, KEVIN PAUL KAISER

The impact of influencers on advertising and consumer protection in the Single Market (At A Glance - Study In Focus)

10-03-2022 PE 703.352 IMCO
At a Glance
Summary : Influencer marketing as part of the advertising industry has grown significantly in recent years, becoming one of the most popular and effective forms of online advertising. The fast-growing market of influencers comes with potential risks for consumers and creates several challenges for regulators. This study provides information and analysis on the impact of influencers on advertising and consumer protection in the Internal Market, identifies best practices and makes recommendations for future action. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : Frithjof MICHAELSEN (VVA Brussels) (Lead author) Luena COLLINI (VVA Brussels) (Lead author) Cécile JACOB (VVA Brussels) Dr Catalina GOANTA (Utrecht University) Dr Sara Elisa KETTNER (ConPolicy Institute) Dr Sophie BISHOP (University of Sheffield) Dr Pierre HAUSEMER (VVA Brussels) Prof Dr Christian THORUN (ConPolicy Institute) Dr Sevil YESILOGLU (London College of Communication)

Policy Departments’ Monthly Highlights - March 2022

At a Glance
Summary : The Monthly Highlights publication provides an overview, at a glance, of the on-going work of the policy departments, including a selection of the latest and forthcoming publications, and a list of future events.

‘Fit for 55’ package: Fuel EU Maritime

18-02-2022 PE 699.482 ENVI IMCO TRAN
Briefing
Summary : The impact assessment (IA) supporting the proposal 'Fuel EU Maritime' provides a qualitative and quantitative analysis, which is based on sound and recent data. It also explains some uncertainties in the analysis of impacts. The IA presents a well-evidenced problem definition and a sufficiently broad range of policy options. The quality of the IA is weakened by some inconsistencies in the comparison of options. In addition, the IA does not assess to what extent SMEs are effected of this proposal and the stakeholders' views on the fully fledged options are not indicated. It can be noted also that the open public consultation period does not meet the 12 week-requirement.
Authors : ULLA-MARI TUOMINEN

The impact of influencers on advertising and consumer protection in the Single Market

16-02-2022 PE 703.350 IMCO
Study
Summary : Influencer marketing as part of the advertising industry has grown significantly in recent years, becoming one of the most popular and effective forms of online advertising. The fast-growing market of influencers comes with potential risks for consumers and creates several challenges for regulators. This study provides information and analysis on the impact of influencers on advertising and consumer protection in the Internal Market, identifies best practices and makes recommendations for future action. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : Frithjof MICHAELSEN (VVA Brussels) (Lead author) Luena COLLINI (VVA Brussels) (Lead author) Cécile JACOB (VVA Brussels) Dr Catalina GOANTA (Utrecht University) Dr Sara Elisa KETTNER (ConPolicy Institute) Dr Sophie BISHOP (University of Sheffield) Dr Pierre HAUSEMER (VVA Brussels) Prof Dr Christian THORUN (ConPolicy Institute) Dr Sevil YESILOGLU (London College of Communication)

Common chargers – Revision of the Radio Equipment Directive

11-02-2022 PE 699.480 IMCO
Briefing
Summary : The Commission is proposing a new directive on consumer credits to amend the Radio Equipment Directive by introducing provisions regarding common mobile phone chargers. This initial appraisal of the Commission’s impact assessment accompanying the proposal finds that the impact assessment appears to provide a comprehensive assessment, based on a sound evidence base, of the impacts of the policy options, though the assessment would have benefited from a more thorough discussion of the alignment of the initiative with the proportionality principle and the impacts accruing to SMEs.
Authors : HUBERT DALLI

Policy Departments’ Monthly Highlights - February 2022

At a Glance
Summary : The Monthly Highlights publication provides an overview, at a glance, of the on-going work of the policy departments, including a selection of the latest and forthcoming publications, and a list of future events.

Updating the framework for the safety of non-food consumer products on the internal market

15-10-2021 PE 694.221 IMCO
Briefing
Summary : This briefing provides an initial analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the impact assessment (IA) accompanying the Commission proposal for a regulation on general product safety aimed at ensuring that EU consumers are protected from dangerous non-food products. The IA defines clearly the problems to be addressed and their analysis appears to be satisfactory but the description of how they would evolve without any EU intervention is limited. The IA does not compare the retained options in terms of efficiency, and proportionality. The IA appears to have done a convincing analysis of the economic and social impacts of the options retained for assessment. The IA includes a very comprehensive reports of the consultations held, specifically referring to the received feedback in several parts of the report. Overall, the analysis carried out in the IA appears to be well grounded. The IA appears to have addressed the RSB's comments. The proposal appears to be largely consistent with the analysis provided in the IA.
Authors : STEFANO VETTORAZZI

VAT gap, reduced VAT rates and their impact on compliance costs for businesses and on consumers

30-08-2021 PE 694.215 IMCO FISC
Study
Summary : In November 2020, the European Parliament's Subcommittee on Tax Matters requested authorisation to draw up an implementation report on the implementation of the Sixth VAT Directive. Olivier Chastel (Renew Europe, Belgium) has been appointed as rapporteur for the report. To further support the Subcommittee on Tax Matters in its scrutiny work on the subject, the Ex-Post Evaluation Unit within the European Parliamentary Research Service has drawn up the present European implementation assessment. It focuses on the causes underlying the huge gap between the VAT projected and de facto collected, by looking at factors such as the Member States' disparate VAT systems and at the effects of reduced VAT rates on businesses and consumers.
Authors : ECKHARD BINDER

Online advertising: the impact of targeted advertising on advertisers, market access and consumer choice

11-08-2021 PE 662.941 IMCO
At a Glance
Summary : In this research paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of online advertising markets and we analyse the challenges and opportunities concerning digital advertising. We review the degree to which existing and proposed legislation at EU level addresses the identified problems, and identify potential solutions, with reference to experience from EU Member States and third countries. We conclude with a synthesis and specific policy recommendations, drawing on stakeholder interviews.
Authors : Niklas FOURBERG, Serpil TAŞ, Lukas WIEWIORRA, Ilsa GODLOVITCH, Alexandre DE STREEL, Hervé JACQUEMIN, Jordan HILL, Madalina NUNU, Camille BOURGUIGON, Florian JACQUES, Michèle LEDGER and Michael LOGNOUL

Artificial intelligence act

26-07-2021 PE 694.212 ENVI LIBE JURI IMCO
Briefing
Summary : The Commission is proposing a new Artificial Intelligence Act laying down rules harmonised rules on AI. This initial appraisal of the Commission’s impact assessment on the proposal notes how the impact assessment the impact assessment banks on a wealth of available research on the topic at hand and uses numerous sources to underpin the discussion. It observes that the impact assessment offers a diverse and realistic range of options and traces a clear intervention logic connecting the problems and their drivers with the specific objectives and the policy options.
Authors : HUBERT DALLI

Revising the Machinery Directive

02-07-2021 PE 694.208 IMCO
Briefing
Summary : This briefing checks the quality of the Commission impact assessment (IA) accompanying the regulation proposal on machinery products. It finds that the assessment, which is based on various data sources, is mostly qualitative, and explains openly the analytical methods and data limitations. Furthermore, the scale of all problems and the efficiency aspect in the comparison of the options could have been further explained. The briefing also stresses that the IA could have been more informative in terms of the stakeholder consultations. It also finds it questionable whether the SME Test has been duly conducted.
Authors : ULLA-MARI TUOMINEN

Revision of Directive 2008/48/EC on credit agreements for consumers

30-06-2021 PE 694.204 IMCO
Briefing
Summary : Directive 2008/48/EC on credit agreement for consumers (the CCD) is part of the legal framework tackling consumer protection and the development of the internal market. Despite improvements in enforcing consumer protection policy, there are shortcomings in particular regarding the scope of application of the directive and the uneven regulatory choices made in the 27 EU Member States for implementing it. Moreover, there are new challenges – such as digitalisation and data collection, use and processing – that require immediate attention. This implementation appraisal looks at the practical implementation of the CCD in light of the expected Commission proposal for its revision. According to the Commission work programme 2021, the proposal will be submitted in the second quarter of 2021, after having been initially part of the 2020 refit programme (see Legislative Train Schedule, EPRS).
Authors : MARIE-ASTRID HUEMER

Revision of the General Product Safety Directive

28-06-2021 PE 694.202 IMCO
Briefing
Summary : Two decades after the entry into force of the General Product Safety Directive, the internal market is witnessing an increasing presence of products made with the use of or involving new technologies, online marketplaces are mushrooming, and a growing amount of products are entering the internal market from outside the European Union through these online marketplaces. Since the General Product Safety Directive does not have any provisions to guarantee that these products are safe for use, there are concerns that consumer protection on the internal market might be compromised. In order to keep guaranteeing the safety of all products, the European Commission's forthcoming proposal will aim to deal with these new challenges for product safety and to find a balance between ensuring unhindered trade and guaranteeing the safety of all products on the internal market.
Authors : ECKHARD BINDER

The Digital Services Act and the Digital Markets Act - A forward-looking and consumer-centred perspective - Workshop Proceedings (At A Glance - Study In Focus)

24-06-2021 PE 662.931 IMCO
At a Glance
Summary : This At A Glance summarises the original workshop proceedings, which presented the discussions that took place during the IMCO online workshop held on 26 May 2021 on the Digital Services Act (DSA) and the Digital Markets Act (DMA). The workshop was structured in two panels, each consisting of three presentations and two Q&A sessions. The first panel focused on the DSA. The second panel was devoted to the DMA. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies for the committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : Lukas WIEWIORRA and Ilsa GODLOVITCH

The Digital Services Act and the Digital Markets Act - a forward-looking and consumer-centred perspective - Workshop Proceedings

24-06-2021 PE 662.930 IMCO
In-Depth Analysis
Summary : These proceedings summarise the presentations and discussions that took place during the IMCO online workshop held on 26 May 2021 on the Digital Services Act (DSA) and the Digital Markets Act (DMA). The workshop was structured in two panels, each consisting of three presentations and two Q&A sessions. The first panel focused on the DSA. The second panel was devoted to the DMA. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies for the committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : Lukas WIEWIORRA and Ilsa GODLOVITCH

Online advertising: the impact of targeted advertising on advertisers, market access and consumer choice

21-06-2021 PE 662.913 IMCO
Study
Summary : In this research paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of online advertising markets and we analyse the challenges and opportunities concerning digital advertising. We review the degree to which existing and proposed legislation at EU level addresses the identified problems, and identify potential solutions, with reference to experience from EU Member States and third countries. We conclude with a synthesis and specific policy recommendations, drawing on stakeholder interviews. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies for the committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : Niklas FOURBERG, Serpil TAŞ, Lukas WIEWIORRA, Ilsa GODLOVITCH, Alexandre DE STREEL, Hervé JACQUEMIN, Jordan HILL, Madalina NUNU, Camille BOURGUIGON, Florian JACQUES, Michèle LEDGER and Michael LOGNOUL.

Digital markets act

28-05-2021 PE 662.641 IMCO
Briefing
Summary : This briefing provides an initial analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the European Commission's impact assessment (IA) accompanying the above-mentioned proposal, submitted on 15 December 2020 and referred to the Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO) of the European Parliament. The proposal is part of the digital services act package, which includes the digital services act itself. In her political priorities for the European Commission, President Ursula von der Leyen committed to upgrade the liability and safety rules for digital platforms, services and products, and complete the digital single market. The 2020 Commission work programme also included a commitment to establish an ex-ante competition tool to make Europe fit for the digital age.
Authors : HUBERT DALLI

Updating the EU regulatory framework for batteries

21-05-2021 PE 662.628 IMCO
Briefing
Summary : This briefing provides an initial analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the European Commission's impact assessment (IA) accompanying the above-mentioned proposal, adopted on 10 December 2020 and referred to the European Parliament's Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO). The proposal seeks to update the EU's legislative framework for batteries as laid out in Directive 2006/66/EC (the Batteries Directive), whose objective is 'to minimise the negative impact of batteries and waste batteries on the environment, to help protect, preserve and improve the quality of the environment and to ensure the smooth functioning of the internal market' (IA, p. 10). With its proposal, the Commission intends to ensure that the existing framework could contribute to the ultimate objective of achieving an economy with net-zero greenhouse gas emissions (i.e. climate neutrality) by 2050, in line with the Commission communication on the European Green Deal, COM(2019) 640. In addition, the proposal aims to contribute to environmental protection, by stimulating investments in the production of batteries with a minimised environmental impact over their life cycle.
Authors : STEFANO VETTORAZZI

The EU Toy Safety Directive

29-04-2021 PE 662.632 IMCO
Briefing
Summary : The Toy Safety Directive (TSD) aims to ensure a high level of health and safety with respect to toys for children under 14 years of age and to guarantee the free movement of toys in the EU by means of provisions for manufacturers, importers, distributors of toys sold in the EU and national market surveillance authorities. More than 10 years after its adoption in 2009, the European Commission is considering a revision of the directive in the context of the chemicals strategy for sustainability. Although the exact scope of this revision has still to be decided, the European Commission highlighted areas for further improvement in a recent evaluation of the directive. The Commission's evaluation focused on: a general lack of monitoring data to assess the TSD's effectiveness; limit values for some chemical substances; and the question of whether limit values should apply not only to toys for children under 36 months, but also to children of all ages. In addition, the evaluation looked into the issue of market surveillance and enforcement, where resources appear be missing and discussed the difficulties for manufacturers to comply with the 'small parts requirement' for toys intended for children under 36 months. This briefing has been produced by the European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS) to assist the European Parliament's Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection in its work on the implementation report on the Toy Safety Directive. The briefing aims to provide a succinct overview of publicly available material on the implementation, application and effectiveness to date of the Toy Safety Directive, drawing on input from EU institutions and bodies and from external organisations.
Authors : ECKHARD BINDER, MARIE-ASTRID HUEMER

Policy Departments’ Monthly Highlights - April 2021

At a Glance
Summary : The Monthly Highlights publication provides an overview, at a glance, of the on-going work of the policy departments, including a selection of the latest and forthcoming publications, and a list of future events.

Digital Services Act

30-03-2021 PE 662.627 IMCO
Briefing
Summary : The IA underpinning the proposal for a Digital services act contains a lot of valuable information and is based on solid sources and broad consultations. However, the analysis could have been more coherent in its problem definition and more specific regarding the practical implementation of the assessed three broad option packages in addition to the status quo. It could have been also more transparent, precise and complete regarding the data and methods used for the analysis, and regarding the quantitative estimates (namely in relation to SMEs). Some important information, for instance on liability rules or other elements of digital services, would have been useful in the main text instead of the annexes.
Authors : Esther KRAMER

First appraisal of the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement by Policy Department A

Study
Summary : “Agreements concluded by the Union are binding upon the institutions of the Union and on its Member States.” (Article 216(2) TFEU). According to the Case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), International law takes precedence over (secondary) EU law: “It should also be pointed out that, by virtue of Article 216(2) TFEU, where international agreements are concluded by the European Union they are binding upon its institutions and, consequently, they prevail over acts of the European Union (see, to this effect, Case C‑61/94 Commission v Germany [1996] ECR I‑3989, paragraph 52; Case C‑311/04 Algemene Scheeps Agentuur Dordrecht [2006] ECR I‑609, paragraph 25; Case C‑308/06 Intertanko and Others [2008] ECR I‑4057, paragraph 42; and Joined Cases C‑402/05 P and C‑415/05 P Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission [2008] ECR I‑6351, paragraph 307)” . Arguably, acts adopted by bodies established by the EU-UK TCA could also enjoy primacy: “7 It follows [...] that decisions of the EEC-Turkey Association Council are measures adopted by a body provided for by the Agreement and empowered by the Contracting Parties to adopt such measures. 18 In so far as they implement the objectives set by the Agreement, such decisions are directly connected with the Agreement and, as a result of the second sentence of Article 22(1) thereof, have the effect of binding the Contracting Parties. 19 By virtue of the Agreement, the Contracting Parties agreed to be bound by such decisions and if those parties were to withdraw from that commitment, that would constitute a breach of the Agreement itself.
Authors : Andreas Huber at Al.

The impact of COVID-19 on the Internal Market (At A Glance - Study In Focus)

01-03-2021 PE 662.901 IMCO
At a Glance
Summary : This At A Glance summarises the key findings of the original study, which assesses the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the Internal Market and consumer protection, including the impact of measures introduced at national and EU level to mitigate the consequences of the pandemic. What further measures should be considered in order to reinforce the resilience of the EU's Internal Market in the face of future crises? This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : J. Scott MARCUS et al.

The impact of COVID-19 on the Internal Market

26-02-2021 PE 658.219 IMCO
Study
Summary : This study assesses the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the Internal Market and consumer protection, including the impact of measures introduced at national and EU level to mitigate the consequences of the pandemic. What further measures should be considered in order to reinforce the resilience of the EU's Internal Market in the face of future crises? This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : J. Scott MARCUS et al.

Establishing an EU single window for customs

12-02-2021 PE 662.605 IMCO
Briefing
Summary : The IA underpinning the proposal to establish a single window environment for customs is well structured, substantiated and clear. It acknowledges a scarcity of comparable EU-wide data, and is transparent on the assumptions underlying the analysis. The presentation, screening and assessment of the retained policy options is clear and balanced, assessing their direct economic impacts, as well as their social and environmental implications. The selection of the preferred options is based on cost-effectiveness and qualitative analyses, expecting significant net benefits from interconnecting authorities responsible for non-customs formalities laid down in EU legislation to existing national single window environments, which in turn, are harmonised to achieve a level playing field for economic operators, in particular SMEs. Social and environmental benefits derive from better digital administrative cooperation, the reduction of fraud and better compliance with EU regulatory requirements.
Authors : Esther KRAMER

Reimbursement and compensation in case of transport cancellation or delay: rights and their enforcement

21-01-2021 PE 658.218 IMCO
Briefing
Summary : Following the COVID-19 outbreak, many trips have been cancelled as a result of measures introduced by Member States that substantially restricted travelling. Some companies have refused to refund customers and have imposed on them to use vouchers instead. This briefing aims to provide consumers with guidance and practical advice concerning their claims for reimbursement and compensation following travel cancellations or delays. It points at complaint forms to use, facilitations such as an alternative dispute resolution and European small claims procedure. It also gives more precise information on claims concerning travel cancellations due to the COVID-19 crisis.
Authors : Mariusz MACIEJEWSKI, LOUISE MATHILDE CAROLINE BLANDIN, AMY JANE MCGOURTY

The impact of COVID-19 on the Internal Market and consumer protection - IMCO Webinar Proceedings (At A Glance - Study In Focus)

16-12-2020 PE 658.215 IMCO
At a Glance
Summary : This At A Glance summarises the presentations and discussions at the IMCO webinar that was held on 9 November 2020. The webinar on the impact of COVID-19 on the Internal Market and consumer protection was structured in two panels, each consisting of two presentations and two Q&A sessions. The first panel focused on the free movement of goods and people. The second panel was devoted to consumer protection and provision of services. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies for the committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : Milieu Consulting SRL

The impact of COVID-19 on the Internal Market and consumer protection - IMCO Webinar Proceedings

07-12-2020 PE 658.212 IMCO
In-Depth Analysis
Summary : These proceedings summarise the presentations and discussions that took place during the IMCO webinar held on 9 November 2020 on the impact of COVID-19 on the Internal Market and consumer protection. The webinar was structured in two panels, each consisting of two presentations and two Q&A sessions. The first panel focused on the free movement of goods and people. The second panel was devoted to consumer protection and provision of services. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies for the committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : Caterina MARIOTTI, Agnieszka MARKOWSKA and Marta BALLESTEROS

Legal obstacles in Member States to Single Market rules (At A Glance - Study In Focus)

02-12-2020 PE 658.211 IMCO
At a Glance
Summary : This At A Glance summarises the key findings of the original study, which reviewed and analysed national rules that restrict the free movement of goods and services and the right to establishment across the EU Single Market. The study also analysed trends over time in national restrictions and offers recommendations on how they can be removed. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : Erik DAHLBERG et al.

Legal obstacles in Member States to Single Market rules

18-11-2020 PE 658.189 IMCO
Study
Summary : This study analyses the current state of national obstacles to free movement in the EU Single Market. It focuses on various aspects of obstacles related to free movement of goods and services, the right to establishment, the Digital Single Market, consumer protection and public procurement. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : Erik DAHLBERG et al.

The role of Points of Single Contact (PSCs) and other information services in the Single Market (At A Glance - Study In Focus)

09-11-2020 PE 658.192 IMCO
At a Glance
Summary : This At A Glance summarises the key findings of the original study, which analysed the role and development of Points of Single Contact and other information services. The study reviewed recent policy documents, and identified a range of weaknesses for the provision of contact points. The main recommendations were to improve monitoring (using the indicators and the Single Market Scoreboard) and make use of infringement proceedings in case of non-compliance. The actions could be built on the instruments available under the recent Single Digital Gateway Regulation. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : Pau SALSAS-FORN et al.

The functioning of the Internal Market for Digital Services: responsibilities and duties of care of providers Challenges and opportunities

29-10-2020 PE 652.736 IMCO
Briefing
Summary : The original full study reflects on responsibilities and duties of care of online intermediaries as set out in Directive 2000/31/EC (E-Commerce Directive, ECD) and gives recommendations for a possible future EU Digital Services Act.
Authors : Mariusz MACIEJEWSKI

The role of Points of Single Contact and other information services in the Single Market

20-10-2020 PE 658.179 IMCO
Study
Summary : This study analyses the role and development of Points of Single Contact and other information services. It reviews recent policy documents, and identifies a range of weaknesses for the provision of contact points. The main recommendations are to improve monitoring (using the indicators and the Single Market Scoreboard) and make use of infringement proceedings in case of non-compliance. The actions could build on the instruments available under the recent Single Digital Gateway Regulation. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO).
Authors : Pau SALSAS-FORN et al.

Commitments made at the hearings of the Commissioners-designate - von der Leyen Commission 2019-2024

At a Glance
Summary : This document provides links to all Briefings produced by the Policy Departments of the Directorate-General for Internal Policies and of the Directorate-General for External Policies of the European Parliament, with salient points and essential commitments made by the Vice-Presidents and Commissioners-designates at their respective hearings before the European Parliament, in September-November 2019 and in October 2020. For an exhaustive list of all commitments made and positions taken by the candidates, the full verbatim report of each public hearing is available on the dedicated hearings website of the European Parliament, as are the written questions and answers.