Highlights

The study assesses recent EU farm income trends driven by rising input costs across Member States and farm types. It identifies gaps in income data, reviews income support measures, and outlines policy options to improve targeting and support the long-term economic sustainability of EU farm incomes.

Provides an analysis of the current legislative framework on ambient air quality, highlights the most relevant case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union concerning air quality, and examines selected infringement procedures and petitions.

The Commission proposed a European Competitiveness Fund (ECF) for the 2028-2034 Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF). The main conclusion of the briefing is even though the scale remains insufficient to close the EU investment gaps, it could have a meaningful impact if deployed in a sufficiently focused, coordinated and leveraged manner.

This study analyses transnational repression in the EU, focusing on Russia, Iran and China. It links repression to foreign interference, disinformation and hybrid threats, reviews international policy responses, and offers recommendations for EU institutions to counter the problem.

This study maps funding gaps in EU customs and market surveillance enforcement. It reviews existing EU and national financing mechanisms, identifies imbalances and operational challenges, and assesses policy options for complementary funding in light of the EU Customs reform and the upcoming MFF.

This paper presents the findings of the public consultation on rare diseases conducted by the European Parliament in March 2025. Contributions from a wide range of participants, including patients and families, patient support groups, healthcare professionals, interest groups, international organisations, government and other public bodies, aim to guide future policy actions in the field of rare diseases.

This study analyses the role of EU instruments, in particular Cohesion Policy in supporting the quality of essential services in remote, rural and depopulated areas. The study focuses on essential services tied to the provision of healthcare, childcare and services to people.

Executive summaries: DE,EN, ES, FR, IT, PL of study which examines how labour market inequalities, particularly gender pay and pension gaps and the rise of new forms of work, affect women’s mental health.

This briefing assesses the RRF’s legal framework, confidentiality, and “financing not linked to costs” model, finding that it granted the Commission and Member States wide discretion, allowing large sums to fund national projects with limited EU-level relevance and weak scrutiny.

European Defence Projects of Common Interest (EDPCIs) mark a decisive step in strengthening the EU’s crisis response, competitiveness and strategic autonomy. They aim to overcome fragmented national defence efforts through joint development, production and procurement, strengthening EU governance.

The fight against impunity is a global challenge. New obstacles are preventing the perpetrators of international crimes from being held accountable. The paper compares three accountability mechanisms – international criminal tribunals, universal jurisdiction and transitional justice – and provides case studies.

Europe’s digital ecosystem remains heavily dependent on non-EU software and cloud providers. This study maps these dependencies, as well the geopolitical and economic risks they raise. It finds that US firms dominate all major software layers, exposing Europe to strategic vulnerabilities. It also outlines policy options and areas of action to strengthen Europe’s technological autonomy and resilience.