Legal loopholes and the risk of foreign interference

This paper requested by ING2 assesses the possibility of using criminal law and the international sanctions regime to address foreign interference, and of banning the use of foreign(-funded) third party campaigning during elections. It also considers measures to increase the transparency of foreign influence, notably by strengthening the EU’s Transparency Register, and addressing the ‘revolving door’ for former officeholders. Finally, it examines how to limit online manipulative practices.