REPORT on the media and development
31.8.2006 - (2006/2080(INI))
Committee on Development
Rapporteur: Manolis Mavrommatis
MOTION FOR A EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT RESOLUTION
on the media and development
The European Parliament,
– having regard to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopted on 18 September 2000 at the UN Millennium Summit in New York,
– having regard to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), signed on 18 December 1979,
– having regard to the Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development, adopted on 4 September 2002 by the World Summit on Sustainable Development,
– having regard to the resolution on the results of the special session of the UN General Assembly of 5 to 9 June 2000 on “Women 2000: Equality, Development and Peace for the Twenty-First Century”, adopted by the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly on 12 October 2000 in Brussels[1],
– having regard to the resolution on the rights of disabled people and older people in ACP countries, adopted by the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly on 1 November 2001 in Brussels, Belgium[2],
– having regard to Article 19 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 10 of the 1950 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Article 13 of the 1969 American Convention on Human Rights, adopted, and Article 9 of the 1981 African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights,
– having regard to the Partnership Agreement between the Members of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States of the one part, and the European Communities and its Members States of the other part, signed in Cotonou, Benin on 23 June 2000[3], which entered into force on 1 April 2003, and in particular Article 43, which deals with information and communication technologies, and the information society,
– having regard to the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly Resolution of 21 April 2005 on the progress made in achieving universal primary education and gender equality in the ACP countries in the context of the MDGs[4],
– having regard to its resolution of 12 June 2001 on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and developing countries[5],
– having regard to the “Geneva Declaration of Principles” and the “Plan of Action” of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), adopted on 12 December 2003,
– having regard to the “Dakar Declaration” on the Promotion of ACP cultures and cultural industries, signed by Ministers of Culture of the ACP States on 20 June 2003,
– having regard to the “Tunis Commitment” of WSIS adopted on 18 November 2005,
– having regard to Rule 45 of its Rules of Procedure,
– having regard to the report of the Committee on Development and the opinion of the Committee on Culture and Education (A6-0264/2006),
A. whereas the primary role of the media is the dissemination of information, a process through which they provide citizens with an effective circulation of news, policies and activities of governments,
B. whereas the media are the most important vehicle for public participation in the decision-making process,
C. whereas the media have a particularly important role to play in consciousness-shaping and in imparting information,
D. whereas the media can help a country’s development, because people's quality of life can be affected by ICT; the media can have a positive influence on people's mentality, culture, and the socio-political apparatus; and the shaping of the civil and political consciousness of citizens could lead to more representative government,
E. whereas improving information flows and communication services is a necessary condition by which to eliminate poverty and whereas freedom of expression, including access to information and a free press, is a fundamental human right that allows people to demand the right to health, to a clean environment and to the effective implementation of poverty-reduction strategies,
F. whereas information blackout or inappropriate communication strategies by governments and inter-governmental agencies can lead to mistrust, misrepresentation and disinformation,
G. whereas in 2005, 63 journalists were killed and in 2006, to date, 27 journalists and 12 media assistants have been killed, while 135 remain imprisoned, according to the statistics of professional organisations,
H. whereas radio and television are important information tools that are much more widespread in developing countries than telephones or the Internet and much more effective than newspapers,
I. whereas rural radio represents a fundamental tool for agricultural extension and rural development,
J. whereas a well-informed and independent civil society (non-governmental organisations (NGOs), professional associations, independent media, research institutions, etc) can play a crucial role in breaking the circle of violence and corruption by encouraging open debate and demanding more accountable government,
K. whereas a free press is a central condition for the development and maintenance of a transparent and honest government, durable economic growth and progress in social and political development and stability,
L. whereas more than 20 countries in Africa have only one newspaper (while in 2004, there were 1456 daily papers in the 25 Member States), which is not surprising, given the high rate of illiteracy,
M. whereas in regions where illiteracy is very extensive, radio is the most appropriate communications technology, because it is available to the majority of people, and particularly to disenfranchised rural communities, women and the young,
N. whereas fewer than 30% of broadcast television programmes in developing countries are own productions and the level of investment in the field of television communication is particularly low,
O. whereas the cinema has registered very high records in developing countries’ audiences in recent years,
P. whereas ICT can be used in many ways in support of education in developing countries and as a way out of isolation (particularly thanks to satellite links) while more traditional ICT (radio and television) can lay claim to numerous successes in distance education at competitive costs,
Q. whereas computerisation has substantially improved journalists’ work and the networking of computers between different departments has saved a considerable amount of time; whereas Internet connections also facilitate journalists’ work, enabling them to draw on more varied sources and complementary information as well as reporting in the field,
1. Recognises the important role of the media on government transparency, accountability and the public scrutiny of decision-makers in power, by highlighting policy failures, maladministration by public officials, corruption in the judiciary and scandals in the corporate sector;
2. Calls on the European Union, Member States, acceding countries and the ACP countries to involve civil society organisations, including private enterprises, and particularly the media, in attaining their objectives for development;
3. Considers it important to further improve the dialogue and consultation between local non-State players and national authorities in developing countries in crucial areas, such as the media, in order to strengthen the abilities, accountability and transparency of public institutions and to increase public sector effectiveness in applying the principles of respect for human rights and good governance and in fighting corruption;
4. Affirms the importance of ensuring a more systematic integration of freedom of expression and communication within the strategies and funding policies of the development agenda;
5. Underlines the importance of the media in fostering respect for cultural diversity and promoting national and international cultural development;
6. Insists that the role of the media is not restricted to mainstream models, but that alternative media and informal communication networks should be strengthened and included in any infrastructure development plan;
7. Calls on the Commission to place further emphasis on and to support programmes in the area of the media that will help to:
- improve access to information for particular groups in society, such as women, youth minorities, internally displaced people and disabled people,
- develop pluralism in the media,
- train radio and print journalists,
- train journalists in developing countries with the collaboration of UN organisations such as UNICEF and UNESCO and international journalists' organisations such as the International Federation of Journalists and the BBC World Service Trust,
- develop public information campaigns in order to raise awareness of well-targeted audiences
- increase the effectiveness of humanitarian aid;
8. Considers that funding programmes with a mandate on and for development should include a more systematic integration of State-independent media;
9. Calls for women’s effective access to the media in order to achieve an increase in their participation in production and to contribute to economic development;
10. Underlines the importance of considering youth as the pivotal component in facilitating and organising information and communication features in developing countries;
11. Welcomes and supports events such as:
– the European Development Days, organised by the Commission, as a tool to further sensitise the public and to increase visibility for the better use of the development aid,
– the World Congress Communication for Development, organised by the World Bank and to be held in Rome in 25 to 27 October 2006,
– the Lorenzo Natali Prize, with which the Commission offers to support journalists from the written press who have witnessed significant levels of discrimination when reporting on human rights and democracy in the developing world,
– the fact-finding visits by journalists, in cooperation with the office of the representative for the EU's external policy, Javier Solana, to regions where missions are taking place in the context of the CFSP (Western Balkans, Ukraine, Moldova, etc.) and visits by journalists to observe elections (e.g. to Congo);
12. Supports all government policies that provide support for public service radio, commercial radio, community radio and rural radio, as it is widely seen as the most appropriate and cost-effective tool for promoting information and communication for development;
13. Appeals to the Commission, in emerging conflict situations, to direct more attention and to increase the most direct possible financial support to the independent media;
14. Underlines the role of the media in the education of people in developing countries, especially in terms of health care (sexual and reproductive health, malaria, etc.), employment, agriculture, trade, and environmental sustainability, such as the BBC World Service Trust for the use of communications for development;
15. Understands the problem of the “personalisation” of news, which can manipulate both the audience of developing countries and the western public, and encourages the organisations that provide training to journalists to give particular importance to the achievement of a minimum salary for people working in the media, which will make them less vulnerable to corruption;
16. Realises that independent and professional media play a key role in providing knowledge and in giving a voice to marginalised people, by developing a culture of criticism where people are less apprehensive about questioning government action;
17. Supports NGOs and trusts which invest in the education of journalists in developing countries and which improve the working conditions of media professionals so that they have a real chance to do their work in a secure and independent way;
18. Underlines the importance of strengthening the social and educational infrastructure by investing in better schoolbooks and funding media programmes which also offer educational content;
19. Encourages the role of the media in peace-process and post-conflict situations, by helping to inform the public about peace agreements and their implications and thereby facilitating public participation;
20. Stresses the decisive role of the media in promoting the protection of human rights in developing countries and in raising public awareness in countries in the West and, by extension, increasing their contribution to humanitarian aid;
21. Calls on governments and public authorities throughout the world to end in particular the culture of impunity regarding violence against journalists by investigating and punishing those responsible for attacks on media professionals, and by taking the necessary precautions that make it possible for journalists to continue to provide citizens with the essential knowledge and objective information that flow from a free and independent press;
22. Instructs its President to forward this resolution to the Council and the Commission.
EXPLANATORY STATEMENT
Introduction
There is growing recognition that widening public access to newspapers, radio and television, as well as information and communication technologies, are fundamental to promote democracy and development and to provide a democratic channel for the disadvantaged and poor people.
Around the world media tools and communication technologies have changed the lives of individuals, organizations and indeed, entire nations, producing big transformation in local societies: lot of best practices demonstrate the positive influence that media have on the mentality, on the culture, and on socio-political apparatus.
Developing country governments need to create favourable environments that will promote a free flow of information and a growth of communications network to foster the empowerment of the poor and disadvantaged people.
Development and the right to say and to know
The guarantee of freedom of expression and information is recognized as a basic human right within Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the UN in 1948, the European Convention on Human Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights, and the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights.
Everyone has the right to freedom of expression, which includes freedom of the press and other media on exploring ways to strengthen the interaction between the good governance, human rights, and development programs.
Free media needed for stability, good governance and economic progress
The media has a specific task of informing the public: it can enhance the free flow of information and ideas to individuals and communities.
Freedom of expression, including freedom of the press and access to information laws, constitutes a critical tool in the fight against the corruption that is having a pernicious effect on development and the attainment of the MDGs the world over.
Corruption, broadly defined as “the abuse of public power for private gain”, allows inefficiency to persist and distorts the potential for growth.
In a corrupt society, the maximum resources available for public services and anti-poverty programmes can never be fully utilised because a percentage is always lost to individual gain. High levels of corruption both reduce the effectiveness of aid-funded projects and weaken public support for assistance in donor countries.
Independent media offer the greatest challenge to proceed against corruption.
The role of International Community
The role of mass media in combating poverty and fostering sustainable development has been the subject of increasing debate and experimentation within the International community.
Most donors have built their approaches on partnerships involving a number of actors from other bilateral and multilateral agencies, ministries, civil society, the private sector, universities and research institutions in both developed and developing countries.
The vast majority of donors have made a considerable effort in the past few years to recognize the value and the important function of media flow in development and to mobilise their support for developing countries on this issue.
International organizations and government donors agree on the proposal to consider a more systematic integration of media, freedom of expression and communication within the development agenda of funding policies and strategies as a greatest opportunity for sustainable economic development.
In a white paper, the European Commission said governance “means rules, processes and behaviour that affect the way in which powers are exercised as regards openness, participation, accountability, effectiveness and coherence.”
Furthermore, the European Commission suggests that poverty should not be defined merely as a lack of income and financial resources. It should also include the deprivation of basic capabilities and lack of access to education, health, natural resources, employment, land and credit, political participation, services, and infrastructure (European Commission, 2001).
The contribution of media to achieving the Millennium Development Goals
The MDGs, originated in the UN Millennium Declaration, provide a set of goals and targets to be attained by 2015 in order to help achieve a safer world free of poverty.
The first goal of the Millennium Declaration is that the number of people living in extreme poverty should be reduced by one half.
In the wake of the international community’s coalition around the MDGs and their fulfilment, several conferences and meetings have focused on how to enable media to play its necessary role.
In June 2003, the Dakar Declaration, endorsed by UNESCO, and signed by the Ministers of Culture of ACP States, assumed that free media and good governance are central to poverty reduction strategies.
At the first phase of World Summit on Information Society (WSIS) held in December 2003 in Geneva (Geneva Phase), a shared vision on information society was established to promote a batter and harmonious development towards the realization of this vision were adopted.
In 2003, in Bellagio Italy, a number of media freedom and media advocacy organizations met to discuss the links between press freedom and poverty eradication.
One year later, donor and multilateral organizations reconvened at Bellagio for a conference on Communication and the MDGs. The adopted statement emphasized that knowledge, communication and participation are essential to realizing the MDG of halving extreme poverty and hunger by 2015.
Media experts and professionals from NGOs and international organizations as well as government representatives gathered in Jordan, in October 2005, for the Global Forum for Media Development to explore the relationship between independent media and economic and political development.
Finally, the Tunis Commitment, signed in November 2005 during the second phase (Tunis Phase) of WSIS, recognize the important impact of ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies) as an instrument of sustainable development.
In late 2006, the World Bank is scheduling a Communication and Development Congress in Italy.
The unequal distribution of Media between North and South of the world
According to UNESCO, all industrialized countries -that represents a quarter of the world population- have more or less the same quantity of newspapers than developing countries (4,400 against 4,200).
The newspapers amount in each developing country validates a scenario of very deep inequality: more than 20 countries in Africa have only one newspaper, compared with the 1,456 paid-for and free daily papers of all the European Member States and the Acceding States (World Association of Newspapers, 2004).
In Latin America there are countries, like Brazil Mexico and Argentine that have alone much more daily newspapers than Great Britain, France and Italy all together.
In Asia, India has a record of 1,334 daily newspapers, and Turkey with 457 headings, has more newspapers than all Africa.
It is significant to underline the role of the written press (school textbooks, manuals, guidebooks, etc.) particularly in those areas of the world in which the electricity is not available and the Internet’s use is still far.
In developing countries, where the illiteracy rate is very high, radio represents a very common instrument of information and communication.
There are nearly 2 billions of radio receivers all over the world, that means one every two persons. Today in Africa 20% of the inhabitants possesses at least a radio; in the Arabic countries and in Asia almost 28%; in Latin America more then 40%.
Community radio has achieved impressive results in the delivery of useful information to poor people and in indicating how communities can appropriate technologies for their own purposes.
As the radio is still the most popular mass media, the television is the one that has been developed more quickly: the first broadcast began in the United States in 1936 and in latest ´70 more than one hundred countries had at least one television station.
Nowadays, the range is from 6 televisions every hundred inhabitants of sub-Saharan Africa, to 17 of the Arabic countries, till 26-27 of Asia and Latin America.
But all together Asia, Africa, Oceania and Latin America hold less then 20% of all TV apparatus in the world.
Last but not least is the cinema, a sector completely a part, as in the developing countries the audience in the last years has registered very high ranks.
Asia records the greater number of attendance as the higher films production is registered especially in India.
The role of media in the international conflicts
The media is a decisive factor in peace-processes and post-conflict situations. Poverty and conflict co-exist in a terrible cycle; poverty can lead to violent conflict, and violent conflict always leads to poverty, destroying economic and social networks even as it takes lives.
According to the statistics of professional organisations, the last two years have been the worst period in the number of journalists and media workers killed, with more than 70 journalists and media workers losing their lives.
It is no coincidence that it is largely in the poorest, least developed nations where repression of information and opinion is most severe. In these countries, thousands of journalists are persecuted, murdered, beaten, arrested and imprisoned, often for doing no more than questioning the right of their governments to take information hostage and to deprive their fellow citizens of the right to open debate and the plurality of opinion.
It is vital that media outlets and professional associations encourage accurate, professional and ethical reporting. This can be done by establishing voluntary codes of conduct, providing training for journalists and setting up mechanisms of self regulation.
Mass media and ICTs for a better management of service delivery
Today, more than 80 developing countries suffer from chronic food deficits and about eight hundred 54 million people live in hunger, according to latest FAO data (FAO Regional Conference, Riga – June 2006).
By 2025, the world’s population may exceed eight billion and food needs in developing countries may double. The challenge of ensuring food security in developing countries calls for new technologies, skills, practices, and ways to collaborate.
Infrastructure, agriculture and private sector development can work together with media and information to bring about pro-poor growth in rural areas.
People need to have adequate access to media and ICTs; in particular marginalized groups may face special constraints in accessing, and using them for their specific needs.
As already mentioned media and ICTs have been shown to be capable of inducing social and economic development in terms of health care, improved education, employment, agriculture, and trade, and also of enriching local culture.
Health care is one of the most promising areas for poverty alleviation through media and technologies: they can easily be applied to achieve desirable health outcomes and to facilitate remote consultation, diagnosis, and treatment in developing countries.
Research suggests that increasing agricultural productivity benefits the poor and landless through better employment opportunities. Because the vast majority of poor people live in rural areas and derive their livelihoods directly or indirectly from agriculture, support for farming is a high priority for rural development.
Media and information technologies can deliver useful information to farmers in the form of crop care and animal husbandry, fertilizer and feedstock inputs, drought mitigation, pest control, irrigation, weather forecasting, seed sourcing and market prices.
Education is central to successfully sustaining development, and media freedom plays a large role in furthering educational opportunities.
The training of journalists is a global social issue: nothing is more essential than ensuring the value of the men and women who set up and use the tools of media and communication.
Gender and Media for development
The majority of women in developing countries till do not have access to media and communication technologies and are less likely to be educated or literate than men.
Women are also less expected to be able to pay for access to media and information technologies, either because of an absolute lack of funds or because they lack control of household expenditure. Constraints on women’s time or their movement outside of the home can also reduce their ability to access technologies
Gender awareness is essential in planning and implementation.
More and more women are entering the business workforce, and their role as business owners is growing. For all small businesses, access to finance, market information and training is crucial: media and ICTs can play an important role in opening business opportunities.
Access to information and freedom of expression are vital to effective strategies to promote and protect the right to reproductive and sexual health and to a sustainable environment.
Youth and Media
Youth may constitute the largest sector of the population in many developing countries and, particularly young women, may have higher levels of education and literacy than older generations. Even if coming from remote areas, youth may have been exposed to western culture through video or cinema. There is a greater chance that they may have some ability to communicate in different languages and that they have greater familiarity with media and ICTs.
Enable access to Media and communication technologies by marginalized groups and disabled people
Nearly 80 percent of the world’s disabled population of 500 million people lives in developing countries.
Efforts to facilitate access to media and ICTs by disabled people are under way. One such effort relates to the development of adaptive technology, which is a major prerequisite for many people with disabilities to use computer technology.
Conclusions
A free press is not just valuable for democracy, but is a vital and fundamental process for human development.
More specifically, freedom of expression and freedom of information is absolutely critical to achieving and sustaining poverty eradication and human rights.
Encourage continued dialogue and a partnership at international and national level, and develop a common agenda is an essential key to the protection of human rights, developmental process and the fights against poverty.
Communication for development methodologies, coupled with technological innovations, can help rural and disadvantaged communities access the knowledge and information they need to improve their living conditions.
The potential of information as a strategic development resource should be incorporated as a routine element into the development planning process.
The free flow of information strengthens accountability and transparency, prevents corruption, and increases the capacity of community groups to participate to policy-making.
Media is an essential tool in the prevention of violent conflict, as it creates a platform for non-violent discussion and issue resolution. By giving individuals and groups a voice, free media alleviates the sense of isolation and hopelessness that often precedes violence.
OPINION of the Committee on Culture and Education (13.7.2006)
for the Committee on Development
on the media and development
(2006/2080(INI))
Draftswoman: Karin Resetarits
SUGGESTIONS
The Committee on Culture and Education calls on the Committee on Development, as the committee responsible, to incorporate the following suggestions in its motion for a resolution:
1. Affirms the importance of ensuring a more systematic integration of freedom of expression and communication within the strategies and funding policies of the development agenda;
2. Considers that funding programmes with a mandate on and for development should include a more systematic integration of State-independent media;
3. Underlines the importance of the media in fostering respect for cultural diversity and promoting national and international cultural development;
4. Considers the media as a key factor in rapidly spreading information concerning new scientific achievements and technologies, which promote and enhance development;
5. Insists that the role of the media is not restricted to mainstream models, but that alternative media and informal communication networks should be strengthened and included in any infrastructure development plan;
6. Stresses that development should mean social and sustainable development, where social and environmental values are also to be equally respected;
7. Supports NGOs and trusts which invest in the education of journalists in developing countries and which improve the working conditions of media professionals so that they have a real chance to do their work in a secure and independent way;
8. Underlines the importance of strengthening the social and educational infrastructure by investing in better schoolbooks and funding media programmes which also offer educational content;
9. Stresses that educational content should focus on raising public awareness of the importance and the powers of a free media in the process of building a democratic society;
10. Urges that elements such as freedom of expression, freedom of the press, participation in public decision-making, and the protection of vulnerable groups should be included in the global development agenda ;
11. Calls on governments and public authorities throughout the world to end in particular the culture of impunity regarding violence against journalists by investigating and punishing those responsible for attacks on media professionals, and by taking the necessary precautions that make it possible for journalists to continue to provide citizens with the essential knowledge and objective information that flow from a free and independent press;
PROCEDURE
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Title |
The media and development |
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Procedure number |
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Committee responsible |
DEVE |
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Opinion by |
CULT |
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Enhanced cooperation – date announced in plenary |
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Drafts(wo)man |
Karin Resetarits |
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Previous drafts(wo)man |
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Discussed in committee |
20.6.2006 |
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Date adopted |
13.7.2006 |
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Result of final vote |
+: –: 0: |
26 0 1 |
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Members present for the final vote |
Maria Badia I Cutchet, Ivo Belet, Guy Bono, Marie-Hélène Descamps, Jolanta Dičkutė, Věra Flasarová, Hanna Foltyn-Kubicka, Milan Gaľa, Claire Gibault, Vasco Graça Moura, Lissy Gröner, Luis Herrero-Tejedor, Ruth Hieronymi, Manolis Mavrommatis, Marianne Mikko, Ljudmila Novak, Doris Pack, Zdzisław Zbigniew Podkański, Christa Prets, Pál Schmitt, Nikolaos Sifunakis, Hannu Takkula, Helga Trüpel, Henri Weber, Thomas Wise, Tomáš Zatloukal |
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Substitute(s) present for the final vote |
Erna Hennicot-Schoepges, Nina Škottová |
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Substitute(s) under Rule 178(2) present for the final vote |
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Comments (available in one language only) |
2 substitute members of EPP were present, but only one was allowed to vote in view of not exceeding the allowed contingent of voting members |
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PROCEDURE
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The media and development |
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Committee responsible |
DEVE |
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Committee(s) asked for opinion(s) |
CULT |
FEMM |
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Not delivering opinion(s) |
FEMM |
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Enhanced cooperation |
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Rapporteur(s) |
Manolis Mavrommatis |
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Previous rapporteur(s) |
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Discussed in committee |
30.5.2006 |
10.7.2006 |
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Date adopted |
28.8.2006 |
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Result of final vote |
+ - 0 |
25 0 0 |
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Members present for the final vote |
Margrete Auken, Alessandro Battilocchio, Thierry Cornillet, Nirj Deva, Alexandra Dobolyi, Michael Gahler, Filip Andrzej Kaczmarek, Ģirts Valdis Kristovskis, Miguel Angel Martínez Martínez, Luisa Morgantini, Horst Posdorf, Pierre Schapira, Frithjof Schmidt, Jürgen Schröder, Feleknas Uca |
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Substitute(s) present for the final vote |
John Bowis, Milan Gaľa, Ana Maria Gomes, Alain Hutchinson, Jan Jerzy Kułakowski, Bernard Lehideux, Manolis Mavrommatis, Miloslav Ransdorf, Anders Wijkman, Zbigniew Zaleski |
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Substitute(s) under Rule 178(2) present for the final vote |
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Date tabled |
31.8.2006 |
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Comments |
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