Az ülések szó szerinti jegyzőkönyve

2012. május 21., Hétfő - Strasbourg

19. A törökországi nők kilátásai 2020-ig (rövid ismertetés)

  La Présidente. - L'ordre du jour appelle le rapport d'Emine Bozkurt sur les femmes en Turquie à l'horizon 2020 [2011/2066(INI)] (A7-0138/2012).

  Emine Bozkurt, rapporteur. − Madam President, it is a great pleasure to be presenting to you today my third report on the situation of women in Turkey, which presents a strategy towards 2020 and is inspired by the gender aspect of Europe 2020. In preparing my report I spoke to various Ministers, Members of Parliament, women’s NGOs and many others, such as young university students. Of all these meetings, the one that affected me the most was the meeting I had with Arzu, a woman who was staying in the shelter. Her story has helped me in evaluating the law on the protection of women from violence. I will come back to that.

In my report I have made a call for zero tolerance for violence against women. The report indicates what needs to be done about violence and stresses that, without good implementation, even the best laws cannot protect women, so I put forward suggestions to ensure that the law is strictly applied. More shelters are needed. The existing shelters should be made safer, and the personnel must be better trained. There should be vocational courses offered to women in the shelters. This is important, because many of the women who have been victims of violence are housewives or, like Arzu, have lost their jobs because their ex-husbands also attacked them at their places of work. Arzu was continually beaten up by her husband even after obtaining a divorce. The law which was in effect at that time did not protect victims who were not married. It must be made clear to Turkey that the law protects women, regardless of the relationship between the victim and the perpetrator.

Many positive developments are also taking place in Turkey. The Ankara Prosecutor’s Office has established a specialised bureau dealing solely with violence against women, which is very successful. We need more of these in Turkish cities and rural areas.

The gender gap in primary education has been closed, but there are worries concerning the new education reform. The new system should not jeopardise the successes achieved so far concerning the schooling of girls. The percentage of women in the labour market has risen to around 30%, but more needs to be done on issues such as childcare and maternity leave to further increase this ratio. Trade union activities should also be made more accessible for women.

In my report I ask for a new law on political parties and elections which would establish a temporary mandatory quota system ensuring the fair representation of women in electoral lists. In order to successfully make the necessary changes, a change in mentality is needed. Women are not only mothers or members of a family, they are individuals. This must be made crystal clear.

The Commission is actively engaged in improving women’s rights in Turkey. Last week, during the launch of the positive agenda, Commissioner Füle once more highlighted the importance of women’s rights within the positive agenda, as well as the importance of Chapter 23 negotiations on this subject. Indeed, in order to give the EU more leverage in the area of women’s rights, Chapter 23 negotiations should be opened. I want strongly to underline the importance of the Commission and Turkey continuing to promote of women’s rights in Turkey and to place women’s rights at the heart of the accession negotiations.

Finally, I would like to thank everyone, especially the shadow rapporteurs, who have contributed to the drafting of this report.

Interventions à la demande

  Elena Băsescu (PPE). - Măsurile luate până în prezent de autorităţile turce demonstrează angajamentul lor pentru apărarea şi promovarea drepturilor femeilor, însă este nevoie de eforturi suplimentare pentru implementarea legislaţiei adoptate, mai ales în domenii precum violenţa domestică. Crearea unui serviciu specializat în cadrul biroului Procurorului general reprezintă un pas înainte în acest scop.

În acelaşi timp trebuie să se acorde atenţie măsurilor de informare şi prevenire. În acest context, salut crearea Comisiei speciale pentru egalitate de gen în cadrul Ministerului educaţiei. Ea dovedeşte conştientizarea de către guvernul turc a nevoii de a combate stereotipurile şi de a produce o schimbare durabilă de mentalitate. Nu în ultimul rând, mă bucur că a crescut numărul de femei în parlamentul turc, dar nu susţin recomandările din raport privind instituirea unui sistem de cote.

  Antigoni Papadopoulou (S&D). - Madam President, Turkey, as a candidate country, is obliged to abide by the acquis communautaire. It must respect human rights, including women’s rights and gender equality. It must implement legislative reforms and empower women in social, economic and political life so as to reach the objectives of Europe 2020.

Turkey still has a long way to go. According to progress reports on Turkey for 2010 and 2011, Turkey needs to implement the existing legal framework in order to fight honour killings, forced marriages and violence against women, and to combat female illiteracy, discrimination, stereotypes and the very low female participation rate in the Turkish labour force and in political life.

We therefore call on Turkey to implement comprehensive reforms, to fulfil the Copenhagen criteria for the sake of its own modernisation and to establish a climate of mutual understanding and respect with all EU Member States, thus making it possible to exchange best practices on gender equality with all of those States for the benefit of its own female citizens.

  Ulrike Lunacek (Verts/ALE). - Madam President, first of all, on behalf of our Green shadow rapporteur Marije Cornelissen who cannot be here and who asked me to speak, let me thank the rapporteur and the other shadows in the Committee on Women’s Rights and Gender Equality for a very good report, which I think will be helpful to you, Mrs Malmström, and others in the Commission in promoting women’s rights in Turkey, more than has been done up till now.

Legislation in Turkey is rather good at several levels, but implementation is lacking, especially when it comes to domestic violence against women. For example, it is still a fact that two or three women are killed every day in Turkey in the domestic area by their husbands or families. More has to be done there, in order to punish the person who was the perpetrator, but also family members who silently look on and do not speak out.

One fact that also hinders women’s empowerment in Turkey is the low employment rate of women: only 24% of women are employed. That has been a fact for a number of years, so that is an area where more investment is needed. I find it very important to have a national action plan to combat violence against women. Other countries, for example Spain, have shown over the last few years what can be done; that is something that I hope can be achieved. Education for women is important. It has improved but not yet enough. I also think it would be important to open Chapter 23.

  Jaroslav Paška (EFD) - Veľmi oceňujem túto správu, pretože problematika, ktorá je tu riešená, je naozaj veľmi závažná. Najmä preto, že Turecko sa uchádza o vstup do Európskej únie a z tohto dôvodu by sme mali veľmi pozorne sledovať, aké sú práva a postavenie žien v tejto krajine. Správa je veľmi prehľadná a veľmi stručná a konštatuje, že právne predpisy sú viac-menej v poriadku, ale aplikácia do reálneho života je problematická. Najmä tá pasáž, kde sa hovorí o tom, že manželia, priatelia a rodinní príslušníci denne zavraždia najmenej dve ženy, je, povedal by som, šokujúca. Takisto aplikácia právnych predpisov v oblasti vzdelania alebo účasti žien v zamestnaní alebo politike je veľmi výpovedná. Hovorí o tom, že naozaj účasť žien na takomto živote – reálnom, hospodárskom – je veľmi slabá. Chcel by som sa zamerať na opatrenia, ktoré by sme mali presadzovať ako Európska únia a možno aj ako spoločenské organizácie. Predovšetkým by sme mali apelovať na politikov, aby boli osobnými príkladmi a správali sa podľa toho, ako sa od nich žiada. Potom, aby sme využívali médiá, televíziu, rozhlas na to, aby viacej presadzovali práva žien a chránili ženy. A samozrejme, ten apel na spoločenské povedomie by sa mal premietať aj v tej politike, ktorá sa vykonáva v regiónoch, a to je, myslím si, najdôležitejšie – dostať túto politiku k ľuďom, do regiónov.

  Miroslav Mikolášik (PPE) - Turecko zlepšilo svoj legislatívny rámec pre práva žien, avšak prenášanie legislatívy do každodennej praxe nie je na uspokojivej úrovni. Násilie voči ženám preto zostáva jedným z najpálčivejších problémov v Turecku. Za šokujúce považujem štatistiky, že až 39 % žien sa počas svojho života stretlo s fyzickým násilím, pričom dve až tri ženy denne padnú za obeť svojim manželom, iným rodinným príslušníkom alebo priateľom. Miera zamestnanosti žien predstavujúca približne 24 % úzko súvisí s pretrvávajúcimi rozdielmi medzi mužmi a ženami v stredoškolskom a vysokoškolskom vzdelávaní. 14-percentný podiel poslankýň v tureckom parlamente taktiež možno považovať za odraz spoločenskej reality. Vítam správu o súčasnej situácii a perspektíve žien v Turecku, ktorá systematicky zhodnotila právny stav a realitu poznačenú násilím páchaným na ženách, ale aj skutočnú účasť žien na trhu práce alebo v politike.

(Fin des interventions à la demande)

  Cecilia Malmström, Member of the Commission. − Madam President, I would like to thank the rapporteur, Ms Bozkurt, for this report. It is really good and well balanced. As is rightly emphasised, the issue of women’s rights is a major challenge on Turkey’s road to the European Union and it certainly merits a special report. The unanimous voting in the committee shows the strong support received from shadow rapporteurs and others, so thank you very much, Ms Bozkurt, for your work.

As you mentioned, Commissioner Füle was in Turkey last week and he discussed women’s rights with a range of civil society representatives. Protecting women’s rights in Turkey, promoting gender equality and combating violence against women remain major challenges. The legal framework guaranteeing women’s rights and gender equality is broadly in place and has been further reinforced by the recent law to protect women and family members from violence, and the Commission agrees that this is an important step forward. But, as all of you have underlined, the legal framework is not enough: it needs to translate into political, social and economic reality for women everywhere in Turkey.

Legislation needs to be implemented consistently across the country. Further training and awareness-raising on women’s rights and gender equality are needed, particularly for the police. Of course, as was also underlined in the report, serious problems remain with so-called ‘honour’ killings (which is a horrible term because there is nothing honourable in such brutality), as well as early enforced marriages and domestic violence against women.

The report calls upon us in the Commission to make the issue of women’s rights central to the negotiations with Turkey, and it mentions in this respect progress on the negotiation chapter devoted to the judiciary and fundamental rights. As you know, the positive agenda in EU-Turkey relations, which was endorsed by the Council in December, includes the judiciary and fundamental rights among its main features. During his visit to Turkey, Commissioner Füle launched concrete work on this positive agenda. I am happy to report that he chaired the first meeting of the working group on judiciary and fundamental rights with Justice Minister Ergin, with the aim of fostering reforms in Turkey in this crucial area. He also had a separate meeting with the Minister on the same day to underline these issues.

Commissioner Füle told the Minister that steps need to be taken to implement the new law on violence against women and to improve the real-life situation of women in Turkey as regards political representation and access to education and employment. While we need to combat violence against women as a matter of urgency, we also need to keep a focus on all the other aspects – and that is precisely what this resolution does.

Madam President, honourable Members, we share the same concerns about women in Turkey. The issues mentioned here in the debate are indeed grave; some of the stories are compelling; and there is a lot to be done. Reforms need to be further accelerated.

As I said, Commissioner Füle met civil society representatives and they assured him that they see the European Union as a vital source of support for their cause. We have legislation guaranteeing equality; we have standards protecting women against violence; and that is why the accession process is so important with regard to reforms on vital issues such as women’s rights, and the implementation of those reforms.

We must continue to encourage the progress of reform. Our leverage and influence in Turkey will be all the more credible and all the stronger if our commitments – as outlined in 2005 when we launched the accession negotiations – remain unambiguous.

  La Présidente. - Le point est clos.

Le vote aura lieu mardi 22 mai 2012.

Déclarations écrites (article 149)

  Siiri Oviir (ALDE), kirjalikult. – Türgi kui ELi kandidaatriik on kohustatud järgima ühenduse väärtusi ja õigustikku. On positiivne, et naiste õigusi käsitlev seadustik on suurelt jaolt kehtestatud. Täna ollakse staadiumis, kus neid ka juba rakendatakse. On positiivne, et tööle on asunud pere-ja sotsiaalpoliitika ministeerium, parlamendis on moodustatud soolise võrdõiguslikkuse komisjon, vastu on võetud riiklikke tegevuskavu jms. Need ei ole pelgalt sõnad ega paberid, vaid kõik asjaomased ministrid teevad koostööd ja viivad ellu projekte, millega jõustatakse naiste elustandardi parandamist käsitlevaid õigusakte. Tõsisemaid probleeme on täna Türgis naistevastane perevägivald. Selles osas on õigusaktid veel lünklikud. Positiivne on aga see, et ühiskonna teadlikkus selles osas üha kasvab. Vastutustundlikult on käitunud meedia, kelle roll ühiskonna mõttelaadi muutmisel on hindamatu. Raportöör Emine Bozkurt on valmis saanud asjakohase ja asjatundliku raporti.

  Joanna Katarzyna Skrzydlewska (PPE), na piśmie.– Sprawozdanie autorstwa Emine Bozkurt w sprawie przyszłości kobiet w Turcji jest niezwykle ważne ze względu na fakt, że w dokumencie tym poruszone zostały istotne kwestie, takie jak walka z przemocą wobec kobiet, zabójstwa honorowe, zjawisko wymuszanych małżeństw, a także eliminowanie analfabetyzmu wśród kobiet. Zwalczanie przemocy wobec kobiet jest jednym z głównych wyzwań stojących przed Turcją.

Z zadowoleniem przyjmuję plany zwiększenia liczby ośrodków pomocy dla kobiet oraz utworzenia telefonicznych linii zaufania. Chciałabym jednak zaznaczyć, że oprócz zwiększania ilości środków doraźnych należy także podjąć wzmożone wysiłki mające na celu zmianę mentalności społecznej. Prowadzenie kampanii informacyjnych, poruszanie tematów równości płci w trakcie edukacji szkolnej oraz wdrożenie polityki zerowej tolerancji dla przemocy wobec kobiet, szczególnie w przypadku zabójstw honorowych i zmuszania do samobójstw honorowych, to niezbędne elementy w procesie zmiany statusu kobiet w Turcji.

Z zadowoleniem przyjmuję fakt, że dysproporcje na tle płciowym na poziomie edukacji podstawowej zostały prawie całkowicie zlikwidowane, co na pewno przyczyni się do wyeliminowania negatywnego zjawiska, jakim jest analfabetyzm wśród kobiet. Apeluję jednak, aby zwrócono większą uwagę na szkolnictwo ponadpodstawowe, w dostępie do którego w dalszym ciągu istnieją znaczne różnice między kobietami i mężczyznami.

  Jarosław Leszek Wałęsa (PPE), na piśmie. – Strategia Europa 2020 ma na celu przywrócić stan gospodarki sprzed kryzysu. Do zapewnienia konkurencyjnego rynku niezbędny jest udział kobiet w gospodarce. Turcja jako kraj kandydujący do Unii Europejskiej zobowiązana jest do przestrzegania praw człowieka oraz dalszego przeprowadzania i monitorowania wdrażania reform legislacyjnych. Należy cieszyć się ze stopniowo dokonującej się transformacji roli kobiety, jednak trzeba podjąć ogrom pracy w celu znormalizowania ich uczestnictwa szczególnie w społeczeństwie, gospodarce i polityce.

Największym wyzwaniem dla Turcji jest zlikwidowanie przemocy wobec kobiet. Z danych ONZ z 2012 roku wynika, że 39% kobiet na jakimś etapie swojego życia doświadczyło przemocy. Niemniej w ostatnim czasie zauważalny jest wzrost poziomu świadomości tego problemu, o czym świadczy uruchomienie telefonicznej linii zaufania dla ofiar. Niezbędna jest jednak restrukturyzacja systemu ośrodków pomocy oraz prowadzenie polityki zerowej tolerancji dla przemocy wobec kobiet. Zauważalna jest poprawa poziomu wykształcenia kobiet, a ministerstwo edukacji podejmuje próby likwidowania języka seksistowskiego oraz stereotypów dotyczących ról społecznych w podręcznikach szkolnych.

Rząd turecki postanowił wpłynąć na bardzo niską – 30% – stopę zatrudnienia kobiet poprzez wdrażanie reform. Przykładem zmian prawnych może być wprowadzenie poprawek do ordynacji wyborczej, która określałaby obowiązkowe minimum udziału kobiet w parlamencie krajowym, co pozwoliłoby na zwiększenie obecnej 14% reprezentacji w Wielkim Zgromadzeniu Narodowym Turcji. Wyżej wymienione działania dają nadzieję na zwiększenie roli kobiety w społeczeństwie tureckim.

  Anna Záborská (PPE), písomne – Samozrejme, aj ja plne podporujem výzvu, aby Turecko urobilo viac pre ochranu žien pred násilím. Zvlášť treba venovať pozornosť ženám – matkám, ktoré sú najviac zraniteľné. Táto správa je však viac o ideologických predsudkoch spravodajkyne, než o skutočných problémoch Turecka. Tak napríklad pre deti vo veku 0 až 5 rokov sú vraj lepšie štátne jasle, než starostlivosť milujúcej matky (bod 30). Samotné materstvo je vraj rodovým stereotypom a tureckí novinári by mali byť vyškolení k tomu, aby o ženách ako matkách mlčali (bod 66). Matky nepatria ani do čítaniek (bod 33). Pre prípad, že by rodičia s takýmto vyučovaním nesúhlasili, treba zakázať alternatívne vzdelávanie (bod 35). Ženy patria do fabrík a na polia, lebo žena – traktoristka je predsa viac, než žena, ktorá sa stará doma o deti (bod 46). Naozaj ide o – citujem – „zásadnú zmenu spôsobu myslenia“.