The Machinery Directive (Directive 2006/42/EC) became applicable as of December 2009. It regulates products of the mechanical engineering industries. Its objectives are to ensure a high level of safety and protection for machinery users (workers, consumers and other exposed persons), and to ensure the free movement of machinery in the internal market. Regarding machinery used in pesticide applications, the Directive also aims at protecting the environment.

The Directive defines machinery as an assembly of components, at least one of which moves, joined together for a specific application, the drive system being powered by energy other than human or animal effort. The products covered include for instance construction machinery, lawnmowers, 3D printers or robots. In addition to machinery stricto sensu, the scope covers other related products, such as safety components or partly completed machinery.

The Directive is based on the principles of the so-called ‘New Approach to Technical Harmonisation and Standards’: it sets the essential health and safety requirements that machinery must fulfil to be placed on the market, as well as the conformity assessment procedures to be used to demonstrate that the machine fulfils these requirements. Demonstrating compliance with the requirements can be done through application of European harmonised standards, or another solution that demonstrates a similar level of safety. The Directive requires manufacturers to produce a technical file, sign a Declaration of Conformity and affix the ‘CE’ marking.

An evaluation from 2018 concluded that the Directive was generally relevant, effective, efficient, coherent and had EU added value. It also identified a number of issues (e.g. concerning enforcement and innovation in AI and IoT).

An impact assessment study on the revision of the Directive was published in August 2020.

In April 2021, the Commission put forward a proposal for a new Regulation on machinery products, as part of a wider 'AI package'. The proposal on machinery products addresses a number of problems identified in the current EU framework: insufficient coverage of new risks stemming from the new digital technologies (such as AI, the IoT and robotics); legal uncertainty concerning the scope and definitions and potential safety gaps in 'traditional' technologies; insufficient coverage for 'high risk machines'; costs due to the required paper-based documentation; inconsistencies with other pieces of product-safety legislation; and divergences in interpretation across Member States due to transposition (hence the choice of a Regulation instead of a Directive). The proposal for a Regulation laying down harmonised rules on AI (the 'AI Act'), included in the AI package, aims to set harmonised rules for the development, placement on the market and use of AI systems, following a risk-based approach. It addresses the safety risks of AI systems, while the proposal on machinery products focuses on the safe integration of AI systems into machinery. Feedback on the Commission proposal was open until 2 August 2021.

In the Council, the Commission proposal was first discussed in the meeting of 26 April 2021 of the Working Party on Technical Harmonisation. The Presidency published in November 2021 a progress report summarising the main developments in Council. 

In Parliament, the file has been allocated to the Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO). Mr Ivan ŠTEFANEC (EPP, Slovakia) was appointed rapporteur. In total, 438 amendments were tabled in IMCO to the Commission proposal (of which 100 by the Rapporteur). The consideration of 10 compromise amendments took place in IMCO on 28 February 2022. The final compromise amendments, covering all the amendments tabled in IMCO and EMPL, were all adopted on 2 May 2022 in IMCO. The final report, as well as the decision to enter into interinstitutional negotiations, with the committee report as mandate (including 179 amendments), were both adopted on 3 May 2022. The Plenary endorsed that decision on 20 May 2022, opening the way for the committee to start interinstitutional negotiations with the Council.

The Council adopted its mandate for negotiations with Parliament on 24 June 2022.

Trilogues took place on 12 July 2022, 17 November 2022, and on 15 December 2022, when the 
provisional agreement on the new Machinery Regulation was reached by the Parliament and the Council (20 months after the publication of the Commission proposal). The Council and Parliament then initiated the process towards formal adoption of the new Machinery Regulation. In the Council, the Permanent Representatives Committee approved the agreement on 25 January 2023. In the Parliament, IMCO approved the provisional agreement on 2 March 2023 by 36 votes in favour, none against, and 1 abstention. 

They agreed for instance that only six categories of machinery would be subject to mandatory third-party conformity assessment (for details on the agreement read the EPRS legislative briefing). 

On 18 April, the Parliament adopted in Plenary the agreement as its position at first reading. On 22 May, the Council adopted it without amendments as its first reading position, concluding the legislative procedure.

The new Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2023/1230) was published in the Official Journal of the EU on 29 June 2023.

References:

• Regulation (EU) 2023/1230 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2023 on machinery
• European Parliament Legislative Observatory, Procedure file on the Commission proposal on a Regulation on machinery products, 2021/0105(COD) 
• Text of new the Regulation (as adopted on 22 May 2023, before publication in the Official Journal of the EU)
• Inter-institutional four-column document - initial version
• European Parliament, Press release: safety of machinery: deal on updated rules fit for the digital era, 15 December 2022
  
• Council of the EU, Mandate for negotiations with the European Parliament, 21 June 2022.
• Presidency of the Council of the EU, Progress Report from the Presidency on the state of play, 18 November 2021
• European Commission, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on machinery products, COM(2021)202, 21 April 2021
• European Commission with Valdani Vicari & Associati, Deloitte, The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies and Ecorys, Impact assessment study on the revision of Directive 2006/42/EC on machinery, 31 August 2020
• European Economic and Social Committee, Information Report on the Revision of the Machinery Directive, 10 June 2020

Further reading:

• European Parliament, EPRS, Ensuring the safety of machines in the digital age: Revision of the Machinery Directive, March 2023
• European Parliament, EPRS, Machinery Directive: Revision of Directive 2006/42/EC - Implementation Appraisal, September 2021
• European Parliament, EPRS, Revising the Machinery Directive - Initial Appraisal of a European Commission impact assessment, July 2021

Author: Guillaume Ragonnaud, Members' Research Service, legislative-train@europarl.europa.eu