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The study conceptualises personal pricing, distinguishing different forms including individual prices and group prices. It summarises empirical insights on the occurrence of personal pricing in practice and related consumer attitudes. In its legal part, it analyses whether and how current EU law deals with this phenomenon and identifies regulatory gaps and legal uncertainty, on the basis of which recommendations for future regulation of personalised pricing are presented. This document was provided ...

Personalised pricing

Проучване 29-11-2022

The study conceptualises personal pricing, distinguishing different forms including individual prices and group prices. It summarises empirical insights on the occurrence of personal pricing in practice and related consumer attitudes. In its legal part, it analyses whether and how current EU law deals with this phenomenon and identifies regulatory gaps and legal uncertainty, on the basis of which recommendations for future regulation of personalised pricing are presented. This document was provided ...

The study aims at identifying and analysing the unfair commercial and trading practices in passenger air transport that not only are detrimental to consumers, but which can also distort competition in the Single Market. The study analyses the main air carrier business models and price patterns, as well as the decisions adopted by the national competent authorities with regard to unfair commercial practices and predatory pricing. This document was provided by Policy Department A at the request of ...

The Impact of Oil Price on EU Energy Prices

Проучване 14-02-2014

Oil prices have increased considerably over the past years at global level, while natural gas and other energy prices have seen differing developments in each world region. The present report examines the level of impact of high oil prices on European energy prices and analyses the underlying mechanisms. Policy options to reduce this impact are discussed.

The current price of carbon emissions in the EU is too low to encourage investment in low-carbon infrastructure. Several proposals have been made to bring the carbon price back to levels which incentivise ‘clean’ investments.

The establishment of a set of antitrust compatible agreements is crucial in strengthening the economic power of producers. Better regulation principles call for a smart approach to the Single CMO proposal based on the extension of rules and the promotion of compatible practices like codes of conduct, standards contracts, quality schemes or price observatories. Furthermore, there should be more emphasis given to encouraging a consistent and unique interpretation of EU Competition Law since the ...

An overview is given over the introduction and the development of the ITQ system in Iceland. It is shown how the economic and financial crisis affects the balance sheet of fishing firms. The gain in terms of increased pure profit (resource rent) in the fisheries post-crisis is also documented. Local communities are affected by redistribution of quotas, some of the initial effect is mitigated through inflation or deflation of real estate prices in these communities.

Water privatisation in the EU

Briefing 10-02-2011

Water privatisation stirs up fierce debate. Some level of private sector involvement can be found in the water sector throughout the EU. However, liberalisation has not necessarily followed.

This study describes the development of fish prices, value-added and marketing of fish from production by fishing and aquaculture to sales to the final consumer through retailing and catering, along the various distribution chains. It covers seven European Union member states: France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom.