Think Tank

This paper analyses divergences between actual, perceived and expected inflation in the euro area over the 2020-25 period. It identifies substantial inertia in both inflation perceptions and expectations, leading to cyclical biases over the inflation cycle. The analysis shows that expectations are more stable and more closely associated with economic decision-relevant beliefs than perceptions. These dynamics are linked to wage adjustment patterns and the distributional effects of inflation, while ...

To support the work of the European Parliament's Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development on a non-legislative implementation report on the EU agri-food promotion policy (2025/2089(INI)), the Ex-Post Evaluation Unit of EPRS produced a European implementation assessment study assessing the implementation of the policy in the EU and third markets, from December 2015 to October 2025. France, Italy, Spain, Germany, Poland and Greece were selected as case studies.

On 20 November 2025, the Commission published a package of two legislative proposals aimed at enhancing supplementary and personal pensions. The initiative comes at a time when ageing populations are putting increased pressure on state-based pension systems for future generations, and the EU's priorities, namely the green and digital transitions, defence and innovation, require significant private investment. Channelling citizens' savings into supplementary pensions would mitigate both issues simultaneously ...

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin has been President of the Russian Federation since 31 December 1999, except for a brief four-year interlude from 2008 to 2012 during which he held the office of prime minister but effectively maintained his political authority. During Putin's 26-year rule, Russia has been at war, overtly or covertly, for 21 years. Putin's first term coincided with the launching of the Second Chechen War, intended to be brief but which lasted for 10 violent years. In 2014, during Putin's ...

Minors — under the age of 18 — may migrate in many different ways, through family reunification, moving in the hope of finding a better life, or through forced and traumatic migration caused by conflict, poverty or climate change. Overall, the number of minors in migration has been rising globally since the turn of the century. In 2020, there were an estimated 35.5 million international migrant minors globally, the largest number ever recorded. This is equivalent to around 1 in 66 minors worldwide ...