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Accounting for about one quarter of global primary energy supply, coal is used mainly for power generation, heating, and in industries such as iron, steel and cement manufacturing. It provides almost 40 % of global electricity production and is responsible for over 40 % of energy-related CO2 emissions. While the global use of coal is driven by emerging economies in Asia, the West – and Europe in particular – is seeing a sharp decline in coal use because of air pollution, climate policies and, in ...

Energy security is increasingly occupying a top spot on the EU’s foreign policy agenda. The unconventional oil and gas revolution, OPEC’s supply response, increased global Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) trade, persistent concerns about the reliability of Russian gas supplies and the need to expand low carbon energies such as renewables to address climate change pose opportunities and challenges to European energy security. The EU has upgraded the issue with its flagship Energy Union communication and ...

Free trade in raw materials is of great importance for the EU. China remains the EU’s main supplier of critical raw materials and thus concentrates on the most recent evidence on its export restrictions. Despite recent WTO rulings, China is still implementing a wide range of trade distorting measures in the form of export licensing or through the introduction of a resource tax. While we can trace certain welfare benefits for the Chinese domestic market following the introduction of export restrictions ...

Oil prices have increased considerably over the past years at global level, while natural gas and other energy prices have seen differing developments in each world region. The present report examines the level of impact of high oil prices on European energy prices and analyses the underlying mechanisms. Policy options to reduce this impact are discussed.

This study addresses the present and future role of high efficiency power plants based on Clean Coal Technologies (CCT). The overall objective of the study is to analyse the short and medium-term demand for the deployment of a low emission and high efficiency power plant using currently available CCT. The use of current available technology potential pro-vides a basis for ensuring the applicability and viability of new technologies. The European Commission has not only acknowledged the need to withdraw ...

This study seeks to give an overview on legislation on energy policy. The full legal text has not been reproduced, but only a selection of those elements which may be of use in daily parliament work. The full references, however, make it possible for the reader to consult the complete legal text without difficulty.

Energy is a key sector in the economic life in China, which is a large and inefficient consumer of energy. The development of the energy sector in all provinces in China will have a crucial influence on future developments in East-West-Cooperation, on the world energy markets, on international security of energy supply and, above all, on the global problems of energy-related pollution (CO2). The aim of the extemal studies is to prepare background material for an EP-initiative concerning an action ...