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In recent years, European Court of Justice (ECJ) case law has been playing an increasingly pivotal role in the development of the emerging common minimum standards of judicial independence, binding on the EU Member States as a matter of Union law. The ECJ has based its case law primarily on Article 19 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU), which requires Member States to provide for effective judicial protection in areas covered by EU law, on Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the ...

'Rainbow families' – same-sex couples with or without children – still face many obstacles while exercising their free movement rights today. In a debate in the European Parliament in September 2010, then European Commissioner for Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship, Viviane Reding, stated, 'Let me stress this. If you live in a legally recognised same-sex partnership, or marriage, in country A, you have the right – and this is a fundamental right – to take this status and that of your partner ...

The Van Gend & Loos and Costa v ENEL cases, decided on 5 February 1963 and 15 July 1964, respectively, are commonly considered the two building blocks of EU law as an autonomous legal order with direct effect before national courts and primacy over national law. However, there is a third important case, decided between the other two, without which neither direct effect nor primacy of EU law would be considered binding doctrines. On 27 March 1963, on a preliminary reference from the Dutch customs ...

This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the AFCO Committee, focuses on the scope of the CJEU’s jurisdiction over national measures relating to the organisation of national judiciaries. After providing an overview of the legal framework post Lisbon Treaty, the study offers a chronological outline and a transversal assessment of the CJEU’s case law relating to the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU ...

Sixty years ago, on 5 February 1963, the European Court of Justice handed down the first in a series of landmark judgments that laid the constitutional foundations of the EU legal order. The seminal case of Van Gend & Loos offered the Court an opportunity to proclaim the doctrine of the direct effect of EU law within the legal orders of the Member States. In practice, this means that individuals may claim rights directly under EU law and enforce those rights before national courts. The Van Gend & ...

The approach taken by the jurisprudence of the Polish courts, especially the Constitutional Tribunal, concerning the principle of the primacy of the EU law in relation to the Polish law and in particular to the Polish Constitution has changed substantially since Polish accession to the EU. The in-depth analysis evaluates three distinct periods in the jurisprudence of Polish Constitutional Tribunal. This study is commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and ...

his in-depth analysis, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the JURI Committee, looks at the use of data for the purpose of regulatory assessment/evaluation. The author finds that data is needed to support evidence-based regulation, that information technologies, and in particular AI, can enable a more extensive and beneficial use of data, and that the use of data in ex-post evaluations can improve the regulatory ...

The Directive 2011/98/EU on a single permit for third-country nationals (non-EU nationals) to reside and work in the European Union (EU) has two main objectives. The first objective is to facilitate the procedure for a third-country national to be admitted to work in an EU Member State, by introducing a single application procedure for a combined work and residence permit. The second objective is to ensure equal treatment between third-country workers and nationals of the permit issuing Member State ...

Directive 2003/109/EC (the Long-term Residents Directive, or LTRD) sets out the conditions under which a non-EU citizen ('third-country national') who has legally and continuously resided in a European Union (EU) Member State for at least five years can acquire 'EU long-term resident status'. This residence status is permanent, grants these individuals equal treatment rights with EU citizens in several areas, ensures reinforced protection against expulsion, and gives them the (conditional) possibility ...

In 2007, the EU established a set of basic rights for rail passengers, which became applicable at the end of 2009. These rights provide for all passengers, including those with reduced mobility, a harmonised minimum level of protection, information and assistance. Reports have concluded that the implementation of these rights, although relatively smooth, is not done uniformly across the EU. Moreover, other shortcomings have prevented these rights from being used to their full potential. In September ...