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The Polish national recovery and resilience plan (NRRP) – Krajowy Plan Odbudowy – is the third biggest plan under the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF). It totals €54.7 billion, including €25.3 billion in grants and €29.4 billion in loans. The loan component has been reduced from €34.5 billion following the decrease in the level of implementation of several measures. Poland's NRRP has been revised four times, first on 8 December 2023 to add the REPowerEU chapter. The latest amendment was approved ...

Le présent document constitue la synthèse de l’étude «Assessing the impact of seafood imports on EU self-sufficiency» (Évaluation de l’incidence des importations de produits de la mer sur l’autosuffisance de l’Union). L’étude complète, disponible en anglais, peut être téléchargée à l’adresse suivante: https://bit.ly/45hMejO

The safe third country (STC) concept is well established in international asylum policies. According to the concept, certain migrants should not be granted protection in the country where they have applied for it. Instead, they may be returned, or transferred, to a country where they could have found, or can find, international protection. Amid ongoing EU-level discussions on safe third country rules, in 2018 the United Nations Refugee Agency developed legal considerations on safe third countries ...

Portugal is set to receive €21.9 billion in grants and loans from the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), the EU response to the crisis triggered by the COVID 19 pandemic. This amount corresponds to 2.9 % of the entire RRF, or 10.2 % of Portugal's 2019 gross domestic product (GDP), and includes RRF grants (€15.5 billion), RRF loans (€5.6 billion), REPowerEU grants (€0.7 billion) and Portugal's share (€0.1 billion) from the Brexit Adjustment Reserve. This is the result of the latest revision of ...

Rare diseases, which are defined as conditions that affect fewer than 1 in 2 000 individuals, affect around 36 million people in the European Union. Despite existing measures at the EU, national, regional and local levels, there remain significant gaps in research and knowledge as well as variations in access and treatment. This study investigates possible measures that could be taken at EU level to address these challenges. It finds significant European added value in harmonising coordination and ...

On 20 November 2025, the Commission published a package of two legislative proposals aimed at enhancing supplementary and personal pensions. The initiative comes at a time when ageing populations are putting increased pressure on state-based pension systems for future generations, and the EU's priorities, namely the green and digital transitions, defence and innovation, require significant private investment. Channelling citizens' savings into supplementary pensions would mitigate both issues simultaneously ...

Minors — under the age of 18 — may migrate in many different ways, through family reunification, moving in the hope of finding a better life, or through forced and traumatic migration caused by conflict, poverty or climate change. Overall, the number of minors in migration has been rising globally since the turn of the century. In 2020, there were an estimated 35.5 million international migrant minors globally, the largest number ever recorded. This is equivalent to around 1 in 66 minors worldwide ...

Brain health depends on genetic, lifestyle, environmental and social determinants, and its decline reduces independence and quality of life, requiring a coordinated EU‑level response. Neurological diseases are one of Europe’s most urgent and rapidly expanding health, social and economic challenges. As the population ages, neurodegenerative conditions, such as dementia (including Alzheimer’s disease), Parkinson’s disease and ALS, will rise sharply, increasing pressure on healthcare systems, social ...

X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) are particle accelerators that create pulses of light of extremely short duration, similar to that of some lasers used in eye surgery. Combined with the X-ray energy-domain, they enable a close examination of the shortest processes in nature – such as the way atoms move during a chemical reaction. Although Europe hosts some of the world-leading XFELs, the next generation may allow scientists to trace the motion of electrons in its entirety. This could make XFELs ...

Towns and cities are home to nearly three quarters of the EU's population. Many EU cities and urban areas are vibrant spaces of economic growth and innovation. However, they also face complex challenges, such as tackling inequalities, addressing housing and demographic issues, building inclusive societies and responding to climate change and environmental degradation. Cities are at the forefront of implementing EU legislation in several policy areas, including cohesion, and have been demanding both ...