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Government procurement forms an important part of national economies. The EU has opened up its public procurement markets to third countries to a large degree, while many other economies have had limited appetite to liberalise market access. In 2012, the European Commission tabled a proposal for an international procurement instrument (IPI). The IPI would give the EU leverage in negotiating the reciprocal opening of public procurement markets in third countries. The Commission revised the proposal ...

L’instrument relatif aux marchés publics internationaux, qui a fait l’objet d’une première proposition en 2012, révisée en 2016, est destiné à favoriser l’ouverture réciproque des marchés publics avec les pays non membres de l’Union, les pays tiers. Il pourrait être déployé lorsqu’un pays tiers ferme ses marchés publics aux soumissionnaires de l’Union. Les soumissionnaires du pays en question pourraient dès lors faire l’objet de mesures qui réduiraient leurs chances de voir leurs offres retenues ...

This briefing discusses the main challenges and concerns for SMEs doing business in third countries. First, we show the current situation of European SMEs with respect to internationalisation and highlight the corresponding benefits. Second, based on previous literature on the topic, we distinguish between SMEs without international operations and SMEs that are already internationalised and discuss how different barriers can affect them.

These briefings discuss how free trade agreements (FTAs) can help small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It provides an overview of FTAs with provisions supporting SMEs internationalise. Based on a literature review, we also discuss the main challenges and concerns for SMEs doing business in third countries. First, we show the current situation of European SMEs with respect to internationalisation and highlight the corresponding benefits. Following previous literature on the topic, we distinguish ...

This paper summarises recent trends in the international use of the euro and potential benefits and drawbacks of acquiring the status of an international currency, with a focus on implications for monetary policy. The benefits of international currency status are found to likely be limited and the effects on monetary policy to be ambiguous. The international role of the euro could be strengthened by policy initiatives in specific markets or as a by-product of improvements in the soundness of euro ...

Over the years, the EU has opened up its public procurement markets to third countries to a large degree, yet many of these countries have not granted the EU a similar privilege. This situation has been difficult to address through multilateral or bilateral trade negotiations alone. With this in mind, the European Commission proposed the creation of an international procurement instrument in 2012. The aim of this instrument is twofold: to improve the conditions under which EU businesses can compete ...

This short note will focus first on the EU seed and Plant Reproductive Material (PRM) market, insisting on the size of seed companies, as well as on its segmentation, which has to be taken into account in market shares analysis. Market shares will be assessed in different seed segments. In a second section, the EU sector will be placed in a global perspective, which will highlight some of the European specificities, such as the non-GM nature of its seed market.

In recent years, the United States’ natural gas industry has undergone a significant transformation, dubbed a 'revolution': extraction rates have soared thanks to new technologies. The shale gas boom is having an unprecedented affect on the US energy market, and this, in turn, has important implications for the rest of the world, notably the Middle East and Russia. While the shale gas 'revolution' has spurred a debate on environmental consequences and sustainability within the US, other countries ...

This study outlines concrete options for improving the external representation of the euro area in international institutions such as the IMF, the World Bank and the G-20. The study proposes a two-stage process, the first of which requires the creation of a permanent subcommittee of the Eurogroup Working Group (EWG) to elaborate common positions at international level. A second step, taken in the longer term, would consist of creating a single-member position in the IMF and World Bank by merging ...

This study is a contribution to the parliamentary debate in response to the proposal for reform of the common organisation of the market in wine initiated by the Commission. It provides a brief summary of the situation in the wine market in recent years in the 25 Member States of the European Union, assesses the shortcomings of the current CMO mechanisms, analyses the Commission's proposals and puts forward specific proposals for reform of the CMO.