Dokumenti reċenti

Sommarju : International Anti-Corruption Day is marked every year on 9 December to raise awareness of the negative effects of corruption on all areas of life. While difficult to measure, corruption entails not only economic but also social and political costs. International and EU anti-corruption efforts have translated into a multi-layered policy and legal framework. The European Parliament has called repeatedly for strengthened EU anti-corruption rules.

Awturi : Piotr BAKOWSKI

Sommarju : The 75th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights falls on 10 December 2023, against a background of war, conflict and geopolitical tensions that would have been familiar to its drafters, and new challenges, such as climate change and technological advances, which they would not have imagined. Then and now, the Declaration, which has served as a foundation for the codification of human rights at global, regional and national level, remains a central reference to be invoked for the denunciation of human rights violations, even though it is not binding. The EU has fully embraced the Declaration's significance, using it to set standards in its internal legislation and international agreements and to guide its external policy. In November 2023, the European Parliament held a high-level conference to discuss the legacy of the Declaration as a rallying point and compass for international cooperation in the current context. This is an update of a publication from November 2018, by Ionel Zamfir.

Awturi : Rosamund SHREEVES

Sommarju : Corruption is a major challenge for the European Union (EU), with all its Member States affected by the problem to some extent. Its scale, however, is difficult to measure both in Europe and elsewhere. Surveys on the perception of corruption among citizens and experts – such as the Global Corruption Barometer and Eurobarometer surveys – are the principal measurement tool. Since the 1990s, countries around the world have joined efforts to address corruption collectively. This has led to the emergence of widely recognised international laws and standards, adopted in particular by the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the United Nations. Mechanisms, such as the Council of Europe Group of States against Corruption (GRECO), have been developed to monitor implementation of these rules. The EU has gradually adopted laws addressing a range of corruption-related issues. These include a Directive on the Fight against Fraud to the Union's Financial Interests, as well as directives on public procurement, whistleblowers and money-laundering. However, the legal framework thus created remains patchy, the lack of minimum rules on the definition of criminal offences and sanctions in the area of corruption being one important missing element. The EU has also developed its own tool for monitoring anti-corruption efforts – the EU anti-corruption report – only to abandon it after having issued its first edition. Recently, corruption-related issues have been addressed almost exclusively within the EU rule of law framework, a development criticised by various stakeholders, including the European Parliament. The latter has adopted numerous resolutions on corruption addressing, among other things, the impact of COVID 19, as well as systemic challenges to rule of law and deficiencies in the EU's fight against corruption. This briefing updates an earlier one published in 2022, which built on a study by Piotr Bakowski and Sofija Voronova, published in 2017.

Awturi : Piotr BAKOWSKI

Sommarju : The last regular European Council meeting in 2023, on 14 and 15 December, promises to be a very challenging one. All the salient topics of 2023 – notably the war in Ukraine, enlargement, revision of the EU's multiannual financial framework (MFF) and the conflict in the Middle East – are on the agenda; and on many of these, EU leaders are divided. Whereas the conclusions on the war in Ukraine and the conflict in the Middle East will reiterate previous positions, the European Council will focus on seeking an agreement in principle on enlargement, in particular on the possible opening of EU accession negotiations with Ukraine and Moldova, and on granting candidate status to Georgia. It will also endeavour to find an agreement on the MFF revision. In both cases, it remains unclear whether an agreement can be found at this meeting or if it will have to be postponed until next year. The European Council meeting will be preceded by an EU-Western Balkans Summit.

Awturi : Ralf DRACHENBERG, REBECCA MARY TORPEY

Sommarju : The current Regulation (EC) No 561/2006 on minimum breaks and rest periods for road freight and passenger transport drivers does not take into account the nature of occasional bus and coach services, and their drivers' specific needs. The European Commission has therefore proposed to amend this legislation and to introduce more flexible rules on splitting up breaks and taking daily and weekly rest periods. In the European Parliament, the Committee on Transport and Tourism (TRAN) is responsible for the file. The committee report, adopted on 16 November 2023, is scheduled for a plenary vote in December 2023. The Council agreed its position on 4 December 2023. First edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Awturi : Monika KISS

Sommarju : It took over 20 years of discussion in various forums for the European Public Prosecutor's Office (EPPO) to come to fruition. Established in 2017 through a regulation adopted via enhanced cooperation, it followed an unsuccessful attempt to reach unanimity in the Council on a 2013 Commission proposal. The outcome of the protracted negotiations is a complex body with strong collegial elements. The EPPO is composed of two levels: the central level and the decentralised one. The Central Office, located in Luxembourg, brings together the European Chief Prosecutor and 22 European Prosecutors (one per participating EU Member State), with two of them serving as Deputies to the European Chief Prosecutor. Additionally, it includes the College, the Permanent Chambers, and the Administrative Director. At the decentralised level, European Delegated Prosecutors, situated in the Member States, operate within the national criminal justice systems. Despite their integration in these systems, they maintain complete independence from Member States' authorities when acting on behalf of the EPPO. The EPPO Regulation designates the responsibility of appointing the top EPPO posts to the European Parliament and the Council. While both institutions are involved in appointing the European Chief Prosecutor, the Council alone is responsible for appointing the European Prosecutors. The negotiations leading to the inaugural appointment of the European Chief Prosecutor were marked by a protracted power struggle between the two institutions. While the EPPO was established to address crimes affecting the EU's financial interests, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) leaves the door open to expanding its mandate. The European Council may adopt a decision extending the EPPO's powers to include serious crimes with a cross-border dimension. This possibility has been debated in relation to various forms of crime, including terrorism and the violation of EU sanctions.

Awturi : Piotr BAKOWSKI

Sommarju : Over 20 months after the start of Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine, the European Union has so far earmarked €12 billion (in current prices) from the European Peace Facility (EPF), itself funded by the Member States, in military aid for Ukraine. Set up before the launch of Russia's war on Ukraine, the EPF was initially intended to finance military assistance worldwide, with a particular focus on Africa. The EU has directed EPF-funded support to partner countries' armies, to military components of missions led by other international organisations and to the EU's own military missions and operations. The EPF allows the EU to fund military equipment and training provided by EU Member States, including with lethal components – a first in EU history. Member States can submit requests for reimbursement from the EPF for the equipment they deliver. The common costs of EU military missions abroad (or within the EU in the exceptional case of the EU Military Assistance Mission for Ukraine) are also covered by the EPF's operations pillar. EU military missions and operations, and a number of military missions of other international organisations, may also receive funding through the EPF's assistance pillar. kraine's military needs have risen well above the EPF's initial ceiling of €5.5 billion (in current prices), while other strategic EU neighbourhood and global areas may also need EPF funds. The EU Council has therefore adopted two top-ups, a first of €2.5 billion in March 2023, and a second of €4 billion in June 2023. According to experts, however, given rising geopolitical tensions, these remain below the amounts Ukraine needs to face and win a war of attrition. In July 2023, the EU High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy presented a plan for a €20 billion envelope to be set aside for Ukraine within the EPF. The continued use of the EPF to support Ukraine also raises questions regarding for which equipment and what training Member States may be reimbursed, and related debates regarding the delivery of fighter jets to Ukraine and the training of future Ukrainian F 16 pilots. The European Parliament continues to support the use of the EPF in Ukraine and beyond, increasing its ceiling, and calls for better oversight of the EPF, as well as for a separate Ukraine envelope within the EPF.

Awturi : Bruno BILQUIN

Sommarju : The European Commission presented its proposal for a critical raw materials (CRMs) act – establishing a framework to ensure EU access to a secure and sustainable supply of CRMs – in March 2023. On 13 November, the co-legislators reached a provisional agreement on the proposal. The agreed text, which requires formal adoption by both institutions, is expected to be put to a plenary vote in December.

Awturi : Guillaume RAGONNAUD

Sommarju : Hydrogen has an important role in helping the EU achieve its target of climate neutrality by 2050. In March 2023, the Commission announced the European hydrogen bank, to facilitate investment in the hydrogen value chain. This initiative aims to support production and imports of hydrogen in the EU. In November, the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy adopted an own-initiative report, suggesting key improvements. The text is due to be voted by the Parliament during the December plenary session. Once adopted, the Commission will have three months to respond.

Awturi : STEFANO SPINACI

Sommarju : On 14 July 2021, the European Commission presented the 'fit for 55' package of proposals to help reduce net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55 % by 2030, compared with 1990 levels. The package included a proposal to revise the 2014 Directive on Alternative Fuels Infrastructure and turn it into a regulation. In the draft regulation, the Commission proposed binding targets for electric vehicle charging points and hydrogen refuelling points, electric charging for stationary aircraft at airports and on-shore power supply for ships at ports. Interinstitutional negotiations started in November 2022 and a provisional agreement was reached on 28 March 2023. Parliament adopted the new rules in plenary on 11 July. The Council adopted them on 25 July. The final act was signed on 13 September and published in the Official Journal of the EU on 22 September 2023. Fifth edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Awturi : Jaan SOONE

Sommarju : Council Directive 92/106/EEC (the 'Combined Transport Directive') is one of the key EU legal instruments aimed at promoting the shift of freight from road to lower-emission transport modes. It supports the uptake of transport operations that combine road – on one or both ends of a journey – with rail or waterways, by providing advantages such as exemptions from restrictions (on weights and dimensions of vehicles or circulation) and tax reductions. The directive contributed to the development of the combined transport market in the EU. However, the uneven playing field for intermodal freight transport compared to road transport persists. As highlighted in the 2016 European Commission evaluation and the 2023 European Court of Auditors' special report, there is a significant margin to improve the directive's effectiveness. Some of its provisions are outdated, its scope is limited and its language is sometimes obsolete and ambiguous. In addition, the significant variation in Member States' transposition of the directive's provisions leads to uncertainty for combined transport operators. On 7 November 2023, the Commission published a proposal to amend Council Directive 92/106/EEC. This is the third attempt to revise the directive. During the last attempt, the Council tried to limit road cabotage advantages (and linked abuses) afforded to combined transport operators. This was in opposition to the Commission's 2017 proposal and to the Parliament's first reading stance. The Commission withdrew that proposal in 2020.

Awturi : Talander Hugo JANSEN

Sommarju : This At a glance note summarises the study of the same title. Europe is grappling with increased wildfires due to climate extremes, with protected areas especially vulnerable and fires in contaminated lands presenting distinctive challenges. European response mechanisms are constructive, but they require enhanced comprehensive management strategies, including community involvement and preventive measures. The Cohesion Policy does fund aids against wildfires, yet issues with governance, focus, and funds distribution limit its effectiveness. More emphasis on prevention, improved coordination, and integrated funding access, alongside enhanced information exchange and alignment with global initiatives, is crucial.

Awturi : Lindon PRONTO

Sommarju : This briefing provides a summary of the recent economic developments in the EU Member States and gives an overview of relevant economic projections forecasted by major international and EU institutions. Annex 1 includes latest GDP data and forecasts for all EU Member States and Annex 2 the latest inflation data and developments.

Awturi : SAMUEL DE LEMOS PEIXOTO, MAJA SABOL, GIACOMO LOI, MILJA MIESKOLAINEN

Sommarju : This paper provides an overview of stakeholders’ activities at EU, national, regional and local level, in relation to national Recovery and Resilience Plans (RRPs). It presents a set of latest opinions and assessments by EU stakeholders and other relevant institutions and bodies on the implementation of these plans.

Awturi : WOLFGANG LEHOFER, PIA HANNA MOLITOR

Sommarju : Executive Vice-President Dombrovskis and Commissioner Gentiloni are invited to the 13th Recovery and Resilience Dialogue (RRD) under the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) Regulation. The previous RRD took place on 2 October. This briefing describes the state of play of the implementation of the RRF, and then focusses on an analysis of those modified RRPs that contain a REPowerEU chapter and were already approved by the Council, detailing on some information presented therein and commenting when considered necessary. Latter part of the briefing provides updates on the information currently available on the 100 final recipients of RRF funding, an overall estimate of RRF-related costs for the EU budget, both at short and longer term, and lists RRF-related reports by the European Court of Auditors and national supreme auditing institutions.

Awturi : András SCHWARCZ, SAMUEL DE LEMOS PEIXOTO, Marcel MAGNUS, WOLFGANG LEHOFER, GIACOMO LOI

Sommarju : Even before the EU's 2019 'EU-China strategic outlook' defined China as a partner, competitor and systemic rival, China's behaviour had become more assertive, not only in terms of domestic security and economic policies, but also in its posture at international level. The Parliament is set to debate and vote on an own-initiative report on EU-China relations. The plenary debate follows the EU-China Summit planned for 7-8 December in Beijing.

Awturi : Ulrich JOCHHEIM

Sommarju : Ahead of a crucial election year for the European Parliament and the United States (US), Parliament takes stock of EU-US relations for the second time in the outgoing legislative term. While Parliament's 2021 report elaborated on the priorities for the relaunch of transatlantic ties, the 2023 report sets out recommendations for deepening cooperation on a broad range of foreign, security and defence policy issues. It, inter alia, suggests creating a transatlantic political council and holding annual summits, and calls for a bigger role for parliamentary diplomacy. Parliament is expected to debate and vote on the report during the December plenary session.

Awturi : Gisela GRIEGER

Sommarju : The European Parliament is asked to give its consent to the conclusion of a 2023-2028 implementing protocol to the EU-Kiribati fisheries agreement. The protocol reactivates the agreement, which has been dormant since September 2015. It allows Union fishing vessels to resume fishing activity in the rich tuna fishing grounds of Kiribati, in return for a financial contribution and support for Kiribati's sectoral fisheries policy.

Awturi : FREDERIK SCHOLAERT

Sommarju : On 3 May 2022, the Commission adopted a proposal for a regulation establishing the European health data space (EHDS). It aims at ensuring individuals' access to and control of their electronic personal data (primary use), while setting the framework for data re-use across the Union (secondary use). The European Parliament's Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety (ENVI) and Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE) adopted their joint report on 28 November 2023. Parliament is expected to debate the report in plenary in December, with a view to setting its position for trilogue negotiations.

Awturi : CLEMENT THIERRY EVROUX

Sommarju : During the December plenary session, Parliament will vote its opinion on the proposal on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition of decisions and acceptance of authentic instruments in matters of parenthood and on the creation of a European Certificate of Parenthood. The regulation would harmonise the rules of Member States on jurisdiction and applicable law to parenthood, and facilitate the recognition of parenthood within the EU.

Awturi : DAVID ARMAND JACQUES GERA DE GROOT

Sommarju : In December 2023, Parliament is expected to adopt its position on a European Commission proposal to strengthen some of the rules governing a set of directives on food products (known as the 'breakfast' directives), including the marketing standards they introduced. The text as voted will form Parliament's position for negotiations with the Council.

Awturi : Ivana KATSAROVA

Sommarju : The current Regulation (EC) No 561/2006 on minimum breaks and rest periods for drivers in road transport does not take into account the specific characteristics and needs of occasional passenger transport (coaches and buses, mainly for tourist purposes). The European Commission has therefore proposed to amend this legislation and to introduce more flexible rules on splitting up breaks and on taking daily and weekly rest periods. In the European Parliament, the Committee on Transport and Tourism (TRAN) adopted its report on 16 November 2023, and a plenary vote in December should set Parliament's position for trilogue negotiations with the Council.

Awturi : Monika KISS

Sommarju : The European Union (EU) can aspire to achieve energy independence through the deployment of existing and emerging technologies. Electrification, renewables and energy storage could reduce the EU's reliance on conventional fossil fuels. What are the developments, expectations, concerns and societal implications associated with these technologies? And what initiatives and policies could lead to a resilient EU energy system, through anticipating impacts?

Awturi : VASCO NUNO GUEDES FERREIRA

Sommarju : On 7 and 8 December 2023, the Presidents of the European Council, Charles Michel, and European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, will participate in the 24th EU-China Summit in Beijing. This summit follows several visits to China by members of the Commission, and the adoption of important conclusions by the European Council on 30 June 2023. Probable topics on the summit agenda include bilateral relations, Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine, the situation in the Middle East, climate change, global health, and pandemic preparedness.

Awturi : Ulrich JOCHHEIM

Sommarju : This briefing provides a pre-legislative synthesis of the positions of national, regional and local governmental organisations' positions on the European Commission's forthcoming recommendation on animal welfare. It forms part of an EPRS series offering a summary of the pre-legislative state-of-play and advance consultation on a range of key European Commission priorities during its five-year term in office. It outlines the current state of affairs, examines how existing policy is working on the ground, and identifies best practice and ideas for the future from governmental organisations at all levels of the EU's system of multi-level governance. EPRS analysis of the positions of partner organisations at European Union (EU), national, regional and local levels suggests that they would like the following main considerations to be reflected in discussion of the forthcoming proposal on animal welfare: - Animal welfare is a topic of high importance for the great majority of EU citizens. According to Eurobarometer, 84 % of Europeans believe that the welfare of farmed animals should be better protected in their country. - A number of national and regional contributions to the Commission proposal indicate that Member States and their regions are involved in improving animal welfare in various ways. However, there is no common unified trend as some EU countries tend to be more ambitious than others in upgrading animal welfare rules. - Member States have made a number of proposals on animal welfare such as improving transport conditions (through shorter travel time and better travel conditions), adding new species under protection rules, promoting new methods of animal keeping and slaughtering, implementing stricter controls and monitoring, as well as introducing an EU products label to include information on animal welfare. Protecting EU farmers and the European food industry from unfair competition from non-EU imported products, is a recurring theme. - Additional resources and time are sought to prepare farmers and the EU food industry for the coming changes to animal welfare rules. Training stakeholders to improve animal welfare standards is also another recurring suggestion. - The EU has set common rules on animal welfare. It provides added value through EU funding, which is used to adopt animal protection measures and brings national and regional stakeholders together to exchange views on better animal welfare practices.

Awturi : Vasileios MARGARAS, CLAUDIA VINCI

Sommarju : On 5 July 2023, the European Commission put forward a proposal for a regulation on the production and marketing of plant reproductive material (PRM). It would replace the 10 PRM directives that currently lay down the rules for seeds, tubers, cuttings, seedlings and young plants. The proposal would introduce sustainability requirements for registering new varieties of agricultural plants, vegetables and fruits intended for professional users, while PRM intended for amateur gardeners and conservation organisations – such as seed banks – would be exempt from many of the requirements. There would be less stringent conditions for registering conservation varieties that are adapted to specific local conditions, and the requirements for organic PRM would be adjusted and tested under organic conditions. Exchange of seed in kind between farmers would be allowed in small quantities. In the European Parliament, the file has been referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development, while in the Council work has started in the Working Party on Genetic Resources and Innovation in Agriculture. First edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Awturi : Nikolina SAJN

Sommarju : On 12 November 2020, the European Commission adopted the 'Union of Equality: LGBTIQ Equality Strategy 2020-2025'. With its LGBTIQ equality strategy, the Commission seeks to address inequalities and challenges affecting LGBTIQ people, with the objective of moving towards a Union of equality. It underscores the diversity of needs of LGBTIQ people, including the most vulnerable groups who experience intersectional discrimination, and trans, non-binary and intersex people who are the least accepted groups in society. Conducted at the request of the European Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE), this study offers an overview of implementation of the Commission's LGBTIQ equality strategy to date. The study examines the progress made in the past 3 years. It also studies the position of the European Parliament, which has been very active as regards the protection of rights of LGBTI people in the past four decades, along with the positions of other EU institutions, stakeholders and experts. The study has been prepared to feed into the LIBE committee's implementation report 'Implementation of the EU LGBTIQ equality strategy 2020-2025', Rapporteur José Gusmao (The Left, Portugal).

Awturi : Katharina EISELE

Awturi : ANDRZEJ SANDERSKI, ANNA MANGINI

Sommarju : This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the Committee on Women’s Rights and Gender Equality (FEMM), contributes to assessing the state of sexual and reproductive healthcare and rights in the EU. It assesses the regulatory and policy frameworks that ensure access to affordable and quality reproductive care services in the Member States and the support provided by the EU.

Awturi : PILKE Riina, MARKHAM Aine, DE LONDRAS Fiona, KARSTETTER Andrea & THORNHILL Susan

Sommarju : What rules will apply to the 2024 European elections? As the rules differ from Member State to Member State, this infographic provides information on various key provisions applicable in the forthcoming European elections (to be held in June 2024). In a one-page format, readers will find information on the election day in each country, the voting systems used and the number of MEPs to be elected in each Member State, and the minimum age to stand as a candidate, as well as on rules governing voting from outside the home Member State. With the total number of MEPs set to rise to 720, the infographic shows how the 15 additional seats will be distributed among Member States. Additional information and clarifications are provided on the second page of the infographic.

Awturi : Giulio SABBATI, Kristina GROSEK

Sommarju : Europe is grappling with increased wildfires due to climate extremes, with protected areas especially vulnerable and fires in contaminated lands presenting distinctive challenges. European response mechanisms are constructive, but they require enhanced comprehensive management strategies, including community involvement and preventive measures. The Cohesion Policy funds aids against wildfires, yet issues with governance, focus, and fund distribution limit its effectiveness. More emphasis on prevention, improved coordination, and integrated funding access, alongside enhanced information exchange and alignment with global initiatives, is crucial

Awturi : Lindon PRONTO, Nuria PRAT-GUITART, Juan CAAMAÑO, Laurent ALFONSO, José ALMODOVAR, Nicolas Lopez MOLINA, Petr OŠLEJŠEK, Nicolas FAIVRE, Jordi VENDRELL & Jodie WATT for graphics

Sommarju : Road transport is responsible for almost a fifth of the EU's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The revision of the regulation on CO2 emission limits for new cars and vans under the 'fit for 55' package ensures an increasingly higher share of clean vehicles on European roads. All new cars registered after 2035 must be zero-emission vehicles. The new Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR) meanwhile provides for roll out of the necessary recharging points.

Awturi : Gregor ERBACH

Sommarju : On 14 July 2021 the European Commission adopted the 'fit for 55' package, which adapts existing climate and energy legislation to meet the new EU objective of a minimum 55 % reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030. The 'fit for 55' package is part of the European Green Deal, which aims to put the EU firmly on the path towards climate neutrality by 2050. A key element in the 'fit for 55' package is the revision of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED II), to help the EU deliver the new 55 % GHG target. Under RED II, the EU was obliged to ensure at least 32 % of its energy consumption comes from renewable energy sources (RES) by 2030. The 'fit for 55' revision increased this target to 40 %. Under the REPowerEU plan of May 2022 it was then raised to 45 %. Additional targets were also proposed for several sectors, such as transport, buildings, industry, and heating and cooling. In the European Parliament, the file was referred to the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE), with the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety as associated committee under Rule 57. The trilogue negotiations were concluded on 30 March 2023 with an agreement raising the share of renewables to 42.5 % by 2030. The revised directive (RED III) was published in the Official Journal on 31 October, and entered into force on 20 November 2023. Fourth edition of a briefing, the first two editions of which were drafted by Alex Wilson. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Awturi : Agnieszka WIDUTO

Sommarju : As products have become more complex in the digital age, the European Commission published a proposal for a new directive on liability of defective products in September 2022. This would revise the existing Product Liability Directive, adopted nearly 40 years ago in 1985. The proposal aims to bring the European Union's product liability regime up to speed with the digital age, circular economy business models and global value chains by ensuring that consumers receive compensation for defective products including those manufactured outside the EU. The proposal introduces new provisions to address liability for products such as software (including artificial intelligence systems) and digital services that affect how the product works (e.g. navigation services in autonomous vehicles). It also alleviates the burden of proof for victims under certain circumstances. The Parliament confirmed its negotiating position in October 2023, while the Council adopted its negotiating mandate in June 2023. The Parliament and the Council are now working towards a compromise text. Third edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Awturi : Stefano DE LUCA

Sommarju : Manufacturing and trade in firearms for civilian purposes employs around 150 000 people in the EU. In 2020, the Commission adopted a 2020-2025 action plan on firearms trafficking to help curb the illegal flows of firearms, and ammunition, while also strengthening the legal market. The adoption of Directive (EU) 2021/555 on control of the acquisition and possession of weapons in 2021was the first legislative outcome of the plan. In October 2022, the Commission presented a proposal for a regulation on import, export and transit measures for firearms, their essential components and ammunition, another legislative commitment in its action plan. The proposed regulation would pursue three main objectives: a) neutralising the risks of trafficking at import and export; b) ensuring traceability in the firearms trade, based on systematic written information; and c) promoting efficient implementation of controls. Compared to the current rules, the proposal extends the material scope to exports, provides for consistent interpretation of rules across Member States, and allows for the flow of data at EU level. The Committee on International Trade (INTA) adopted its report on 27 October 2023. It strengthens the transparency and traceability provisions contained in the proposal, whilst ensuring alignment with the directive. Second edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Awturi : CLEMENT THIERRY EVROUX

Sommarju : When businesses start operating cross-border, they are faced with a new and unfamiliar corporate tax system in each EU Member State. As a result, businesses with cross-border activities have to spend time and resources on understanding and complying with complex local corporate tax rules. This represents a significant administrative burden for those companies, increases the risk of double taxation and discourages companies from taking full advantage of the single market. On 12 September 2023, the European Commission tabled the Business in Europe: Framework for income taxation initiative (BEFIT). This proposal introduces a common EU-wide system for the calculation of the corporate tax base for large business groups. The corporate income tax base of each group member is established according to common rules, and subsequently added together into a single EU-wide tax base. The aggregated income is then reallocated between the group entities, where it is taxed according to the national corporate tax rate of the country in which the entity is resident. The proposal is subject to a special legislative procedure, requiring unanimous support in the Council, following consultation of the European Parliament and the European Economic and Social Committee. First edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Awturi : Pieter BAERT

Sommarju : On 7 July 2023, the European Commission published a proposal for a Council decision on the withdrawal of the Union from the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) – a multilateral agreement that regulates energy investment. This comes after a previous proposal to modernise the ECT did not gather the required majority among Member States. The lack of an EU position de facto blocks the ECT modernisation process. Due to many concerns over the protection of fossil fuel investements and amid the lack of prospects for change, several countries have announced their intention to withdraw unilaterally. France, Germany and Poland are due to leave the ECT by the end of 2023 and Luxembourg by mid-2024. Additionally, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Spain and, more recently, Denmark, Ireland and Portugal have announced their intention to leave unilaterally. The Commission now proposes a coordinated withdrawal by the Union and its Member States, as it considers the Treaty to be no longer compatible with the EU's climate goals under the European Green Deal and the Paris Agreement, predominantly due to concerns over continued fossil fuel investments. Another concern relates to the specifics of the investor-state dispute settlement mechanism. The rulings of international arbitration tribunals are rarely in the public domain, with few opportunities for legal redress and oversight; the majority of cases have been launched against EU Member States, often by investors headquartered in the EU. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) judgment from September 2021 found it to be contrary to EU law, as it excluded the CJEU from jurisdiction over intra-EU disputes in its areas of competence. A qualified majority of Member States need to back the Commission proposal to withdraw. The procedure requires that the Commission notify the ECT secretariat about the withdrawal of the EU as a whole and that each country does so on its own account. However, some countries have already signalled that they prefer to stay within the ECT. The European Parliament will be asked to give its consent to the EU withdrawal and has already announced in a resolution that there is a required majority to approve the withdrawal. Due to the sunset clause, the parties are bound by the ECT provisions for 20 years after the withdrawal.

Awturi : Monika DULIAN

Sommarju : Between 6 and 9 June 2024, the 10th European elections will take place in the 27 EU Member States, and around 366 million EU citizens will be called to the polling stations. The elections to the European Parliament represent a crucial moment in EU democracy: they give citizens a say in the EU's political direction. After declining ever since the first European elections in 1979, electoral turnout in the 2019 elections reached an unprecedented 50.6 % (up 8 percentage points compared with 2014). This increase was largely the result of greater youth participation, demonstrating young people's desire for active political participation, including by casting their vote. This desire was also repeatedly expressed during the Conference on the Future of Europe, a major innovative exercise in participatory democracy. In 2024, four Member States (Belgium, Germany, Malta and Austria) will allow their citizens to vote from the age of 16, and in Greece the voting age is 17. Lowering the voting age is one way to increase youth participation in elections; other instruments include introducing youth quotas, providing for online or postal voting, decreasing the age to stand as candidate, or promoting civic education in school curricula. Some also argue that a higher eligibility age to stand as a candidate may be a key impediment to young people's participation. European democracy is about much more than just voting – it is also about civic engagement and participation in the democratic process. Over the years, what political participation looks like has evolved, especially among young people. Large-scale protests and rallies, engagement in the digital sphere, and the rise of non-conventional forms of activism – such as 'clicktivism', grassroots activities and boycots – have become commonplace.

Awturi : Micaela DEL MONTE

Sommarju : In 2022, the European Union–Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) dialogue partnership celebrated its 45th anniversary. The same year saw the 55th anniversary of the founding of ASEAN. The ASEAN region currently collectively amounts to the world's fifth largest economy, a dynamic economic area home to more than 680 million consumers. To secure better access to opportunities in the region's market, the European Union (EU) started negotiations with ASEAN for a region-to-region free trade agreement (FTA) in 2007. After negotiations were suspended in 2009, the EU decided to pursue bilateral trade agreements with the individual ASEAN member states. To date, six have begun talks on bilateral FTAs with the EU: Singapore and Malaysia in 2010; Vietnam in 2012; Thailand in 2013; the Philippines in 2015; and Indonesia in 2016. Negotiations have already been concluded and FTAs entered into force with two of these countries, Singapore and Vietnam, in November 2019 and August 2020, respectively. Negotiations continue with Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand, while talks are currently on hold with Malaysia In the longer term, these bilateral FTAs would allow the establishment of a region-to-region FTA, which remains the EU's ultimate ambition. By bringing together two of the world's largest economic areas, the agreement would establish a free trade area with a combined market of more than 1 billion people. It is in the EU's interest to strengthen its economic cooperation with ASEAN, in order to maintain its competitive position in this dynamically developing region. Closer trade and investment relations could also pave the way towards the EU's goal of a strategic partnership between the two regional blocs, encompassing political as well as economic cooperation. This briefing updates a previous edition, drafted by Krisztina Binder, from November 2020.

Awturi : Ulrich JOCHHEIM

Sommarju : The EU's ambition to become a climate-neutral economy by 2050, and its ability to sustain the green and digital transition and achieve strategic autonomy, all rely heavily on reliable, secure and resilient access to critical raw materials (CRMs). On 16 March 2023, the Commission put forward a proposal for a regulation on CRMs. It introduces the concept of strategic raw materials (SRMs), which are key for some strategic technologies and vulnerable to shortages. The general objective of the proposed regulation is to improve the functioning of the single market by establishing a framework to ensure the EU's access to a secure and sustainable supply of CRMs. To achieve this, the regulation would pursue four specific objectives: strengthening the whole SRM value chain; diversifying the EU's imports of SRMs (so that by 2030, no third country would provide more than 65 % of the EU's annual consumption of each SRM); improving the EU's ability to monitor and mitigate the CRM supply risk; ensuring the free movement of CRMs and products containing CRMs placed on the EU market, and ensuring a high level of environmental protection, by improving their circularity and sustainability. On 13 November 2023, the Parliament and the Council reached a provisional agreement on the proposal. Parliament is expected to vote on the agreed text, which requires formal adoption by both institutions, during its plenary session in December 2023. Fourth edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages in the legislative procedure.

Awturi : Guillaume RAGONNAUD

Sommarju : The IA supporting the proposal for a European disability card and a European parking card builds on the experience of two instruments already in place: i) the EU disability card pilot project rolled out in eight participating Member States since 2016, and ii) the EU parking card for persons with disabilities, introduced EU-wide in 1998 through Council Recommendation 98/376/EC. The IA draws on a wide range of data, including a supporting study (which, however, is not linked and does not seem to have been published) and a recent study assessing the implementation of the disability card pilot project. The IA presents a clear and comprehensive intervention logic. It puts forward two policy options in addition to the baseline scenario, duly analysing the potential impacts, with a focus on social, fundamental rights and economic impacts. Stakeholder input was taken into account throughout the IA. Disability organisations were involved in the consultations; in addition, in line with the UN CRPD and the BRG, the open public consultation included accessible formats (e.g. a questionnaire in easy-to-read format). The legislative proposal broadly follows the IA, with some minor differences regarding the scope, delegated acts and review clauses.

Awturi : Irmgard ANGLMAYER

Sommarju : The problem definition in the impact assessment (IA) appears to be well-supported by evidence. The IA provides a sufficient range and description of the policy options, albeit sometimes lacking in detail. The assessment of the options' impacts (economic, social, environmental, fundamental rights) is qualitative and quantitative. It appears to be based on sound research and analysis, with clear acknowledgement that the available data are limited. The IA provides a comprehensive summary of the preferred options' costs and benefits for the affected stakeholder groups (associations and Member States, and indirectly citizens and for-profit companies). It is transparent about data uncertainties and assumptions. It comprehensively describes stakeholder groups' views on the problem, the problem drivers, the objectives and the policy options. An SME test has been carried out. However, it appears that no targeted SME consultation was conducted.

Awturi : DIETER FRIZBERG

Sommarju : The EU's automotive sector is resource-intensive. There are 286 million motor vehicles on the road in the EU, and every year around 6.5 million vehicles become waste. If improperly managed, these vehicles may cause environmental damage and the economy may lose millions of tonnes of materials. Ensuring better sustainability and circularity of the European automotive sector would help to achieve the goals of the EU Green Deal, improve the competitiveness of the sector, and reinforce the EU's strategic autonomy. In July 2023, the European Commission presented a proposal for a regulation addressing the whole life cycle of vehicles, from design to end-of-life, aimed at improving design and end-of-life management of vehicles for a more resource-efficient automotive sector. It would set circularity requirements on vehicle design and production concerning reusability, recyclability, recoverability and the use of recycled content. It would also lay down requirements on information and labelling of parts, components and materials in vehicles. In addition, the proposed regulation would establish requirements on extended producer responsibility, collection and treatment of end-of-life vehicles, and on the export of used vehicles from the EU to third countries. The proposal is now in the hands of the co-legislators. In the European Parliament, the Committee on Environment, Public Health and Food Safety (ENVI) is responsible for the file. First edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Awturi : Guillaume RAGONNAUD

Sommarju : The European Union has been the biggest provider of external assistance to the Palestinian people for many years. Between 2014 and 2020, the EU allocated €2.2 billion in bilateral assistance to the Palestinians. EU assistance to the Palestinians through the European Joint Strategy 2021-2024 amounts, indicatively, to €1.18 billion. EU financial assistance to Palestine* consists of different financial tools. The largest part of the assistance falls under the Neighbourhood, Development and International Cooperation Instrument (NDICI) – 'Global Europe' for 2021-2027. This includes supporting the establishment of an administrative structure, building new infrastructure and support to civil society. According to the European Commission, €681 million of the €1.18 billion planned overall for 2021 to 2024 has already been approved since 2021, of which €218 million has not yet been spent. On top of that, in 2022 the EU released over €26.5 million in humanitarian funding for Palestinians, according to the European Commission's Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (DG ECHO). For 2023, the EU allocated €28 million in humanitarian aid for Palestinians in need. However, Hamas's barbaric terrorist attacks against people in Israel and the subsequent Israeli military operation against Hamas in response to those attacks have led to a catastrophic humanitarian situation for Palestinians living in Gaza. In response, the EU has drastically increased its humanitarian assistance to Palestinians, raising the total to €103 million for 2023. Palestinians can participate in the Horizon Europe and Erasmus+ programmes. Moreover, Palestine is eligible under the Interreg NEXT Mediterranean Sea Basin programme and is a beneficiary under the food and resilience facility. Following Hamas's barbaric terrorist attacks on 7 October 2023, the European Commission reviewed all financial aid for Palestine, aside from humanitarian aid, with regard to its feasibility and risks. Funds envisaged for non-feasible projects will be redistributed to other projects in the Palestinian territories. Regarding the risks, the Commission has identified some additional measures, such as the inclusion of anti-incitement contractual clauses in all new contracts. The European Parliament has called on the Commission to reassess humanitarian aid needs for the region to ensure that EU funding continues to reach those in need of assistance.

Awturi : KAROLINE KOWALD, Bruno BILQUIN

Sommarju : On 28 June 2023, the Commission adopted a proposal for a decision of the Parliament and of the Council amending Decision (EU) 2017/1324, to ensure the continuation of the Union's participation in the Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area (PRIMA) under Horizon Europe. PRIMA is a public-public partnership for research and innovation among the Union and 19 participating states, including 11 Member States. It seeks to build research and innovation capacities, and develop knowledge and common innovative solutions for sustainable agro-food systems, and integrated water provision and management in the Mediterranean area. PRIMA is co-funded by a Union contribution of €220 million from Horizon 2020, to be executed by December 2024, and the same or higher contribution from the participating states to be executed by 2028. The amendment to the decision is to provide an extra EU contribution of €105 million from Horizon Europe, and an at least commensurate contribution from the participating states, and to align its funding cycle with the duration of Horizon Europe (2021-2027), while preserving the initiative's objectives and implementation logic. First edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Awturi : CLEMENT THIERRY EVROUX

Sommarju : Innovative technologies in the field of geothermal energy focus on three areas: (i) resource assessment, (ii) resource development, and (iii) resource utilisation and management for electricity, heat supply and mineral extraction (lithium). They include increased electric power system efficiency, novel and optimised drilling technologies, underground thermal energy storage, new exploration methods, closed loops, smart systems, and 3D models. Advanced plants and technologies include ultra-deep geothermal systems, enhanced geothermal systems, advanced geothermal systems, supercritical geothermal systems. They allow access to vast geothermal resources, which would otherwise remain largely unexploited. Advanced geothermal systems have ongoing commercially viable projects in the US and Europe. Ground source geothermal heating and cooling is a well-established technology, which is currently experiencing the opening of new markets and continuous growth. Geothermal heat pumps are among the most-performant energy-efficient technologies to transfer heat from/to the ground for heating and cooling buildings. Innovation focus here is on new materials and investment costs reduction.

Awturi : MATTEO CIUCCI

Sommarju : Respect for fundamental freedoms and human rights is a core value of the EU, which it promotes through its policies. The European Parliament's Sakharov Prize honours the work of those who stand up for these freedoms and rights. With peace and human rights under increased attack today, the prize remains as relevant as ever. This year it has been awarded to the late Jina Mahsa Amini and the Woman, Life, Freedom Movement in Iran. The award ceremony will be held during the European Parliament's December plenary session.

Awturi : Beatrix IMMENKAMP

Sommarju : The revised Effort-sharing Regulation (ESR) establishes more ambitious binding targets for each Member State for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in key sectors, and brings the effort-sharing legislation into line with the upgraded EU-wide emissions reduction target for 2030 to achieve climate neutrality by 2050.

Awturi : Dessislava YOUGOVA

Sommarju : The revision of the Land Use, Land-use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) Regulation effectively increases reduction in overall net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2030 to 57 %, from the 55 % required by the European Climate Law. This is thanks to an EU target for carbon dioxide removals in the LULUCF sector.

Awturi : LISELOTTE JENSEN

Sommarju : The carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) puts a price on the carbon emissions of goods imported into the EU, thus levelling the playing field between EU industry, which is subject to a carbon price in the EU emissions trading system (EU ETS), and foreign producers in countries that do not have an equivalent system in place.

Awturi : HENRIQUE ANDRE MORGADO SIMOES

Sommarju : Energy is central to the European Union's transition towards climate neutrality by 2050, in line with the European Green Deal. As the biggest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union (EU), the energy sector is undergoing a profound transformation on the path to a net-zero economy. The shift to a more sustainable energy system entails switching from fossil fuels to low-carbon and renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency in products, industry and buildings, and creating a more sustainable energy system based on clean technologies. The EU has developed a number of policies to support the energy transition. EU legislation sets targets for renewables in consumption, energy efficiency and building renovations. It also fosters sustainable transport, energy labelling of products, and clean technologies. The energy union and climate action governance framework includes long-term national energy and climate plans prepared by all EU countries to enhance their contribution to EU energy and climate objectives. According to the European Commission, energy investments in the EU will have to reach €396 billion per year from 2021 to 2030 and €520-575 billion per year in the subsequent decades until 2050. The EU budget sets a target of 30 % climate spending, a large part of which includes energy actions such as energy efficiency and deployment of renewables, energy infrastructure and smart energy systems. The bulk of EU energy spending is channelled through the Recovery and Resilience Facility, cohesion policy funds, the Modernisation Fund and several others. Specific instruments also exist to support a socially fair transition, notably the Just Transition Fund and the Social Climate Fund. While the EU energy transition has advanced despite the recent energy crisis, several challenges remain. These include technological aspects such as electrification, grid interconnections, storage systems, further roll-out of renewables and integrating other energy sources such as hydrogen and biomethane. However, the transformation of the EU energy system also involves taking into account the need to ensure energy security, boost energy independence and domestic manufacturing of clean technologies, and improve energy affordability.

Awturi : Agnieszka WIDUTO

Sommarju : This catalogue provides the list of publications and events prepared by Policy Department for Budgetary Affairs during the eighth legislative period (2019-2024) in the field of budgetary affairs. The first part gives an overview of the studies and briefings requested by BUDG and CONT sometimes in cooperation with the other committees. The second part lists the workshops held at the request of these committees. Short summaries describe the content of each document. The full-text versions of all documents are available online at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/supporting-analyses.

Awturi : NIELS FISCHER

Sommarju : This report examines the role of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in tax havens. About 40-45% of the global FDI stock is hosted in tax havens, while their share in the world economy is only around 4½%. These abnormal FDI patterns suggest that FDI and international corporate tax avoidance are closely related. Traditional tax havens are attractive because of zero tax rates and uncooperative behaviour. For European tax havens it is rather a mix of policies related to improving the investment climate and this mix differs by country.

Awturi : Arjan LEJOUR

Sommarju : This report examines the role of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in tax havens. About 40-45% of the global FDI stock is hosted in tax havens, while their share in the world economy is only around 4½%. These abnormal FDI patterns suggest that FDI and international corporate tax avoidance are closely related. Traditional tax havens are attractive because of zero tax rates and uncooperative behaviour. For European tax havens it is rather a mix of policies related to improving the investment climate and this mix differs by country.

Awturi : Arjan LEJOUR

Sommarju : World AIDS Day, proclaimed by the United Nations in 1988, takes place each year on 1 December. The aim is to raise awareness, fight prejudice, encourage progress in prevention, and improve treatment around the world. Although infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is preventable, significant HIV transmission remains a challenge to EU Member States' health systems. This year's theme 'Let communities lead!' underlines the importance of communities living with, at risk of, or affected by HIV in shaping the HIV response.

Awturi : Laurence AMAND-EECKHOUT

Sommarju : The focus of this study are inflation effects affecting the ongoing implementation of the current MFF on an aggregate level. The relevant inflation impacts and the channels via which they take effect are presented and analysed for the MFF and the EU revenue system. Then policy options to mitigate these effects regarding the ongoing MFF and NGEU implementation as well as with a view to the ongoing MFF mid-term revision are mapped and discussed.

Awturi : Margit SCHRATZENSTALLER, Marcus SCHEIBLECKER, Atanas PEKANOV & Veronika KUBEKOVÁ

Sommarju : As announced in the EU biodiversity strategy for 2030, on 22 June 2022 the European Commission tabled a proposal for a nature restoration regulation. The proposed regulation would set multiple binding restoration targets and obligations across a broad range of ecosystems, from forests and agricultural land to urban areas, rivers and marine habitats, complementing other existing legal instruments. Altogether, these nature restoration measures should cover at least 20 % of the EU's land and sea areas by 2030, and all ecosystems in need of restoration by 2050. Member States would be required to develop nature restoration plans to reach these targets at national level; the Commission would assess these plans. While nature restoration enjoys strong public support, the proposal has raised concerns among stakeholders as regards the enforceability and achievability of the targets, the economic and social implications, the protection of property rights and the financial support for restoration. The European Parliament adopted its position on the proposed regulation on 12 July 2023. The Council adopted its general approach on the file on 20 June 2023. Interinstitutional negotiations concluded on 9 November 2023 with a provisional agreement substantially amending the Commission's original proposal. The agreed text, endorsed by Member State representatives on 22 November 2023, awaits a vote in the ENVI committee, scheduled on 29 November 2023. Third edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Awturi : Vivienne HALLEUX

Sommarju : EU lawmakers signed a regulation on ensuring a level playing field for sustainable air transport, otherwise referred to as the ReFuelEU Aviation Regulation, on 18 October 2023. It was published in the Official Journal on 31 October 2023 and will apply from 1 January 2024. However, Articles 4, 5, 6, 8 and 10 will apply from 1 January 2025. The new regulation is a part of a legislative package to make the EU's climate, energy, land use, transport and taxation policies fit for reducing net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55 % by 2030, compared with 1990 levels – the 'fit for 55' package. It seeks to ensure a level playing field for sustainable air transport. It obliges fuel suppliers to distribute sustainable aviation fuels (SAF), and envisages a growing share of SAF (including synthetic aviation fuels, or e-fuels) over time, to increase their uptake by airlines and thereby reduce emissions from aviation. Airlines must limit the uptake of jet fuel before departing from EU airports to what is needed for safe operation of flights, to ensure a level playing field for airlines and airports, and to avoid additional emissions relating to the extra weight of aircraft carrying excessive fuel. Sixth edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Awturi : Jaan SOONE

Sommarju : To limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, as agreed in the Paris Agreement, all countries must cut their emissions, requiring substantial investment. Developed countries committed collectively to supporting developing countries in their climate mitigation and adaptation measures, with US$100 billion annually by 2020. However, the figure was not reached by 2020, nor is it deemed sufficient to cover the needs of developing countries. Beyond the level of financing, there are claims of an unjust distribution of funds. Moreover, most of the money is given as loans, exacerbating debt problems in many developing countries. In response to these issues, numerous actors have proposed policy changes for financial institutions, governments and other stakeholders. To allow all developing countries to access climate finance, climate funds are called on to become more accommodating to resource constraints, which hinder successful funding applications. Additionally, they are urged to address the needs of small island states, some of which are excluded from official development assistance but require concessional finance to cover costs linked to climate change. Proposals for raising climate finance contributions include tapping into the potential of carbon market mechanisms, scaling and reforming climate action by multilateral development banks and mobilising more private finance. The latter may be achieved through better information provision and risk-sharing mechanisms by public finance institutions to encourage private investors. Finally, the institutions and initiatives for debt relief and restructuring are deemed to be too slow and limited to allow developing countries to deal with climate change. Various stakeholders are demanding reforms for debt relief and increased liquidity support.

Awturi : LISELOTTE JENSEN

Sommarju : New technologies come with new risks, and the impact of cyber-attacks through digital products has increased dramatically in recent years. Consumers are increasingly falling victim to security flaws linked to digital products such as baby monitors, robo-vacuum cleaners, Wi-Fi routers and alarm systems. For businesses, the importance of ensuring that digital products in the supply chain are secure has become pivotal, considering three in five vendors have already lost money owing to product security gaps. The European Commission's proposal for a regulation, the 'cyber-resilience act', therefore aims to impose cybersecurity obligations on all products with digital elements whose intended and foreseeable use includes direct or indirect data connection to a device or network. The proposal introduces cybersecurity by design and by default principles and imposes a duty of care for the lifecycle of products. The Council and the Parliament are currently in negotiations to finalise the text. Third edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Awturi : POLONA CAR, Stefano DE LUCA

Sommarju : The impact assessment uses internal and external expertise and evidence collected from targeted consultations. The problem definition is framed, the IA provides information on the extent of the regulation and the scope of conflicts of interest, the relationship between ESG rating providers and rated companies. The IA considers three options for one specific objective and two options for the other specific objective. Assessment and comparison of the options is made in terms of effectiveness, efficiency (cost-effectiveness) and policy coherence, and the impacts are assessed in qualitative and quantitative terms. A transition period with specific measures to lighten the costs is envisaged for SMEs, and benefits are expected in the medium term. In terms of competitiveness, EU providers would have to compete with unregulated third countries, and while this could affect its competitiveness, this impact is expected to be minor. The approach that the EU should take as regards a third-country regime could have been explored more in detail, however.

Awturi : Josefina CAPDEVILA PENALVA

Sommarju : Since 2004, the European Union has established mode-specific regulations for passenger rights in air, rail, waterborne, and road transport. Despite progress, challenges persist, affecting the quality of service and creating barriers for seamless travel. These challenges include insufficient passenger information, difficulties in asserting rights, disparity in enforcement, consistency issues from one mode to another, the absence of legal provisions for multimodal travel, and a lack of protection against insolvency and mass disruption. These challenges are well documented in European Commission ex-post evaluations and European Court of Auditors performance audits, which are listed and summarised in this appraisal. Based on these evaluations, the Commission is expected to make proposals on 29 November 2023, to review the EU passenger rights framework, with a focus on waterborne transport, road transport and the rights of passengers with reduced mobility (PRM). Rail passenger rights were updated in 2021, and air passenger rights are under review since 2013, with the related proposal still pending.

Awturi : Talander Hugo JANSEN

Sommarju : A fresh surge in irregular migration to the European Union has highlighted the importance of an overhaul of the bloc’s migration rules. The EU institutions are still negotiating the European Commission’s 2020 asylum and migration pact and, specifically, its proposal on asylum and migration management, which would replace the 2013 Dublin Regulation that determines the EU Member State responsible for examining asylum applications. According to the Commission, addressing this situation requires finalising the reform of the Common European Asylum System, to achieve a more efficient, fair and harmonised framework that is more resistant to future migratory pressures. The new system would ensure international protection to those who need it, and be effective and humane towards those who have to be returned. This note offers links to recent commentaries, studies and reports from international think tanks on migration issues published in the recent few months.

Awturi : Marcin CESLUK-GRAJEWSKI

Sommarju : In March 2023, Commission President Ursula von der Leyen and United States (US) President Joe Biden announced their intention to conclude a critical minerals agreement, seeking to foster supply chains in raw materials needed in the production of electric vehicle batteries. The paradigm shift towards clean transport is driving a massive expansion in the market for electric vehicle markets, highlighting the importance of securing the mineral inputs used in their batteries. To that end, the US Congress has embedded various support measures in enacted legislation, notably in its 2022 Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). IRA's tax credit provisions for electric vehicles are of particular concern to the European Union (EU). To qualify for these subsidies, set and progressively increasing percentages of minerals and battery components must come from North America or a country with which the US has a free trade agreement. The EU and US set up an IRA task force to find a solution under which EU vehicles could be eligible for tax credits. The EU-US agreement would enable relevant critical minerals extracted or processed in the EU to count toward IRA requirements. Commission presented the negotiating directives to the Council in June, and the latter authorised formal launch of talks in July. The EU is seeking to strengthen the international supply chains of critical minerals, facilitate trade, and improve sustainability and labour rights. It is also pushing for the inclusion of more than 50 minerals and materials relevant to the green transition in the agreement's scope. The US has expressed its intention to conclude an executive agreement without a vote in the Congress, which is drawing some criticism from US lawmakers. The European Parliament, which will decide whether to give formal consent to the agreement, adopted a resolution on the negotiations in September 2023, calling for wide coverage of minerals, inclusion of critical minerals obtained through recycling, an investment transparency mechanism, and an early warning system against supply chain disruptions.

Awturi : Marcin SZCZEPANSKI

Sommarju : The European Union (EU) has developed a complex architecture of information systems to support its policies on external borders, migration management, and internal security. In response to recent migration and security challenges, the EU has sought to expand and upgrade its existing information systems on borders and security, as well as to establish new systems and to ensure their interconnection (interoperability). The underlying policy goal has been to 'close information gaps' on third-country nationals arriving or staying in the EU, as a means to combat irregular migration and counter security threats more effectively. Whereas the legislative work of updating and expanding EU-wide information systems for borders and security has been rather swift, efforts are still needed to implement changes and to deploy the new information systems. The timeline for this implementation has been revised several times. It is currently envisaged that the new information architecture will become operational between 2024 and 2026. This briefing provides an overview of EU-wide information systems for border management and security. It presents key figures on the operation of the existing information systems and discusses recent policy and technical developments. It also looks at the information systems and the interoperability framework currently under development.

Awturi : Costica DUMBRAVA

Sommarju : This briefing has been prepared for the public hearing with the Chair of the Single Resolution Board (SRB), Dominique Laboureix, scheduled for 4 December 2023. This briefing addresses: Report on smaller banks, Updated resolvability assessment, SRB study on CMDI reform impact, Court confirmed the SRB's treatment of Banco Popular shareholders and creditors, Review of three external papers “Do "white knights" make excessive profits in bank resolution?", Liquidity in resolution, Update on the SRB’s strategic review and the 2024 work programme, MREL dashboard Q1 2023.

Awturi : Marcel MAGNUS, Kai Gereon SPITZER

Sommarju : In the run-off election on 19 November 2023, Argentinians elected right-wing populist Javier Milei, aged 53, as the country's new president. Four weeks earlier, on 22 October 2023, general elections had taken place to elect the president, vice-president, members of the national congress and the governors of most provinces. Following the primaries of 13 August 2023, to the great surprise of all experts, anti-establishment candidate Javier Milei, leader and founder of the La Libertad Avanza party, entered the presidential race as the favourite. Milei was unable to maintain his leading position in the elections on 22 October and was overtaken by Economy Minister Sergio Massa. Massa was running for the Unión por la Patria, a centre-left coalition of Peronist political parties that have dominated Argentine politics for decades. However, in the run-off election Milei won 55.7 % of the votes, while Massa received 44.3 %. Many commentators compare the self-proclaimed 'anarcho-capitalist' to former US President Donald Trump and former President of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro.

Awturi : Marc JUTTEN

Sommarju : The EU's common market organisation (CMO) for seafood products was overhauled in 2013; market intervention measures were abolished and recognised producer organisations (POs) became responsible for managing supply and demand. Product labelling was also extended. Ten years on, it is time to take stock. The European Parliament is currently preparing an own-initiative report. Issues raised include improving consumer information (for instance on sustainability), tackling mislabelling and recognising cooperatives as POs.

Awturi : FREDERIK SCHOLAERT

Sommarju : On 14 July 2021, the European Commission adopted the 'fit for 55' package with a view to adapting existing EU climate and energy legislation to meet the EU objective of a minimum 55 % reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030, as required under the European Climate Law. The 'fit for 55' package includes a recast of the Energy Efficiency Directive (EED), aligning its provisions to the -55 % GHG target. The recast EED as proposed by the Commission required Member States to almost double their annual energy savings obligations, make exemplary efforts in the public sector, address energy poverty, and take other measures to deliver 9 % more energy savings than anticipated under existing EU legislation. As part of the REPowerEU plan (May 2022), the Commission proposed a targeted EED amendment requiring 13 % more energy savings by 2030. The trilogue negotiations concluded on 10 March 2023 with a provisional agreement, setting a reduction target for primary and final energy consumption of 11.7% at EU level by 2030 compared with energy consumption forecasts made in 2020. The Parliament adopted the revised directive on 11 July 2023, and then the Council completed its adopyion. The act was signed on 13 September 2023 and published in the Official Journal of the European Union. On 10 October 2023 the revised directive entered into force. Fifth edition of a briefing, the first two editions of which were drafted by Alex Wilson. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Awturi : Monika DULIAN

Sommarju : In July 2021, the European Commission put forward the 'fit for 55' package of legislative proposals, aimed at ensuring the success of the European Green Deal. The FuelEU Maritime regulation is one of these proposals and, together with four other proposals, it seeks to steer the EU maritime sector towards decarbonisation. To support the uptake of sustainable maritime fuels, the Commission proposes to limit the carbon intensity of the energy used on board ships. Accordingly, the proposal sets a fuel standard for ships and introduces a requirement for the most polluting ship types to use onshore electricity when at berth. It puts the responsibility for compliance on the shipping company. In the European Parliament, the Committee on Transport and Tourism (TRAN) led the work on this file. Parliament adopted its position for interinstitutional negotiations in October 2022. The Council adopted its general approach in July 2022. A trilogue agreement was reached on 23 March 2023. The final act was signed on 13 September 2023 and was published in the Official Journal of the EU on 22 September 2023. It entered into force on 12 October 2023. Fifth edition of a briefing originally drafted by Marketa Pape. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Awturi : Jaan SOONE

Sommarju : The EU and its Member States have signed the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and use its definition of disability as a common reference at EU level. There is no other harmonised definition of disability in the EU. Although a wide variety of statistical surveys are available in terms of questions asked and population surveyed, a complete statistical assessment of disability in the EU does not yet exist. However, the annual Eurostat statistics on income and living conditions survey reveals that, in Europe, the prevalence of disability is higher among female, older and less educated respondents. The EU combats all forms of discrimination alongside and in support of its Member States. To improve the situation of people with disabilities, it has introduced a series of initiatives, programmes and strategies over a number of decades. The European Parliament has been highly active in the bid to end all forms of discrimination against people with disabilities, since the early 1980s. In 1997, Article 13 of the Treaty establishing the European Community on the human right not to suffer discrimination on grounds, in particular, of disability, paved the way for a genuine disability policy. The first step in this regard was the adoption of a 2001-2006 action programme to combat discrimination. Later, the 2010-2020 European disability strategy sought to enable people with disabilities to exercise their rights and participate fully in society and the economy. The 2021-2030 strategy, incorporating lessons learned from its predecessor, seeks to ensure that all persons with disabilities in the EU, regardless of their sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, age or sexual orientation: enjoy their human rights; have equal access to participation in society and the economy; can decide where, how and with whom they live; can move freely in the EU regardless of their support needs; and no longer experience discrimination. This is an update of a briefing published in November 2022.

Awturi : Marie LECERF

Sommarju : Regulation (EU) 2019/1896 transformed Frontex into the European Border and Coast Guard Agency and considerably increased its tasks, powers, responsibilities and budget. The regulation extended the agency's tasks and competences while also balancing them with stronger fundamental rights safeguards and increased liability and accountability, including by giving the European Parliament oversight of the agency's activities. As part of this oversight, Parliament endorses the agency's budget, can ask the agency for information, plays a key role in appointing the agency's executive director, and a Parliament expert, on invitation, can attend Frontex management board meetings. All this makes Parliament the key player in terms of democratic oversight of the agency. Yet, the agency has been accused in recent years of failing to comply with some of its own rules and of being involved in pushbacks and violations of fundamental rights by Member States' authorities at the EU's external borders. In 2020, Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE) decided to investigate these allegations, using the above range of oversight tools. In January 2021, LIBE established the Frontex Scrutiny Working Group (FSWG) to monitor all aspects of the functioning of the agency, including compliance with fundamental rights, transparency, and accountability towards Parliament. The FSWG did a fact-finding investigation, collected evidence and presented its final report in July 2021. Parliament's scrutiny and pressure led to the agency to take a series of actions to address the identified inefficiencies and the allegations of fundamental rights violations. In April 2022, the Frontex Executive Director, Fabrice Leggeri, resigned with immediate effect. This briefing looks at the Parliament's accountability mechanisms and how they have been used to ensure that migrants' fundamental rights are respected and upheld at the EU's external borders. This is a further update of a briefing published in November 2021 and updated in September 2022.

Awturi : KATRIEN LUYTEN, Micaela DEL MONTE

Sommarju : The European Union (EU) is facing multiple transformations relating to climate change, digitalisation and sustainable economic growth. The European Green Deal, introduced in 2019, outlines a strategy to achieve sustainability goals, including net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The 'fit for 55' package seeks to reduce emissions by at least 55 % by 2030. In order to achieve these aims, the EU has adopted regulations to incentivise the uptake of zero-emission vehicles. In April 2023, emission targets were strengthened again, with a 100 % reduction deadline of 2035. To achieve a climate-neutral and circular economy, industry mobilisation is crucial. The EU introduced its new industrial strategy in 2020, promoting innovation, skills, and financing for the transition. In February 2023, the Green Deal industrial plan was presented to support net-zero technologies. The transition also poses regional development challenges, affecting companies and workers. To ensure a fair and inclusive transition for everyone, the Just Transition Fund was established in 2021 with a budget of €17.5 billion. A number of regions, including vulnerable ones, rely on the automotive sector for jobs. Addressing skills gaps and supporting low-skilled workers is seen as crucial for a just transition. The European Committee of the Regions has established the Automotive Regions Alliance to promote a fair transition in the automotive industry and is calling for budgetary and political support for the automotive transition, emphasising the need for research, reskilling, and social dialogue. It suggests using the Just Transition Mechanism and involving citizens in the process. The European Parliament is working on a report on how to reshape the EU structural funds for regions affected by the transition. It recommends a stable cohesion policy post-2027 and a new policy objective on industrial transition. The report underscores the need for a 'Just Transition Fund 2.0' beyond 2027, with increased funding. It focuses on fair treatment for SMEs, smooth transition plans, and support for transitioning sectors, especially in less developed regions. The Committee on Regional Development adopted the report on 24 October 2023, and it is expected to be voted in plenary in December 2023.

Awturi : Emmanuel ALVAREZ

Sommarju : Since the free trade agreement (FTA) signed with South Korea in 2009, EU trade deals have included a dedicated trade and sustainable development (TSD) chapter encompassing provisions on protection of the environment, labour rights and climate change. However, in recent years evaluation of the EU's trade policy has focused on the question of how to improve the implementation and enforcement of sustainability provisions and, in particular, the TSD chapters in EU trade agreements. Parliament has long advocated for stronger enforcement and implementation of TSD commitments. In its 2021 trade strategy, the Trade Policy Review, the Commission signalled the early launch of a review of the TSD approach that had been set out in the 15-point action plan of 2018. Following a one-year consultation process, including exchanges of views with the European Parliament, the Council and stakeholders, on 22 June 2022 the Commission adopted a communication on 'The power of trade partnerships: together for green and just economic growth'. The new TSD approach strengthens, among other things, the implementation and enforcement of TSD chapters by extending the standard state-to-state dispute settlement to the TSD chapter, and the possibility to use trade sanctions as a last resort, for material breaches of the Paris Climate Agreement and the fundamental labour principles of the International Labour Organization. The European Parliament and many stakeholders have stressed that the new approach should be reflected in all EU trade agreements currently under negotiation and future trade agreements, as well as FTAs that are in force, by using the review clause included in existing agreements or other appropriate procedures. The EU-New Zealand FTA, which was signed on 9 July 2023, is the first agreement to integrate the new TSD approach. This EPRS briefing draws on two previous ones, by Jana Titievskaia (Sustainability provisions in EU free trade agreements: Review of the European Commission action plan) and Ionel Zamfir (Labour rights in EU trade agreements: Towards stronger enforcement).

Awturi : Marc JUTTEN

Sommarju : Russia's war against Ukraine has revealed the extent of our dependency on digital technology and the fragility of the digital space. It has triggered a surge in cyberattacks that have been particularly disruptive when targeting critical infrastructure – such as energy, health or finance – because of the increasing reliance on information technology, rendering this infrastructure all the more vulnerable. Against this backdrop, the Commission has proposed a regulation on a cyber solidarity act that would address the urgent need to strengthen solidarity and EU capacities to detect, prepare for and respond to cybersecurity threats and incidents. The proposed regulation envisages the establishment of a framework based on three pillars. The first is a European cyber shield – a platform of national and cross-border security operations centres. The second is a cybersecurity emergency mechanism that would support – including financially – preparedness, response and mutual assistance actions among Member States by creating a European cybersecurity reserve of trusted providers. The third is a cybersecurity incident review mechanism to assess and review significant or large-scale incidents. In Parliament, the file has been assigned to the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE), where the rapporteur, Lina Gálvez Muñoz (S&D, Spain) published her draft report on 4 September 2023. The amendments tabled in the ITRE committee were published on 22 September 2023. The committee is expected to vote on the draft report on 7 December 2023. First edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure.

Awturi : POLONA CAR

Sommarju : This study provides an in-depth analysis of the Proposal for a Directive establishing the European Disability Card and the European Parking Card for persons with disabilities, and outlines recommendations. This Proposal represents an important stepping stone to promote free movement of persons with disabilities. It is based on mutual recognition of disability status, but does not harmonise disability assessments. It would ensure that holders of the cards may avail of disability benefits in a range of services across the EU. However, the current text presents some shortcomings. This study was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs.

Awturi : Delia Ferri

Sommarju : This study provides an in-depth analysis of the Proposal for a Directive establishing the European Disability Card and the European Parking Card for persons with disabilities, and outlines recommendations. This Proposal represents an important stepping stone to promote free movement of persons with disabilities. It is based on mutual recognition of disability status, but does not harmonise disability assessments. It would ensure that holders of the cards may avail of disability benefits in a range of services across the EU. However, the current text presents some shortcomings. This study was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs.

Awturi : Delia Ferri

Sommarju : This briefing is intended as a background overview for parliamentary committees (and their respective secretariats) planning their activities in relation to the European Commission's 2024 work programme (2024 CWP), adopted on 17 October 2023. Like all work programmes under the von der Leyen Commission, the 2024 CWP delivers on the Commission's six priorities, and the twin green and digital transition. Nonetheless, the 2024 work programme differs quite significantly from the CWPs of the past four years, on account of the forthcoming European Parliament elections (scheduled to be held between 6 and 9 June 2024), the end of the current Commission's mandate (in late 2024) and the CWP's special focus on strengthening the EU's competitiveness by cutting red tape. The latter responds to the Commission's announcement of March 2023 to reduce reporting requirements for companies and administrations by 25 %. In comparison, the von der Leyen Commission's previous CWPs were somewhat crisis-driven: the 2020, 2021 and 2022 CWPs were characterised by the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas the 2023 CWP was shaped by Russia's war against Ukraine, which triggered, inter alia, a vast humanitarian and energy crisis. Like previous work programmes, the 2024 CWP takes a look at past achievements and outlines new initiatives the Commission still intends to present before the end of this term. In view of the limited time left ahead of the European elections, the relatively low number of new (legislative and non-legislative) initiatives – namely 18 (Annex I) – does not come as a surprise. Instead, next year's CWP puts special emphasis on regulatory simplification, featuring an additional 41 initiatives to reduce administrative burden resulting from reporting requirements under existing EU legislation (Annex II). Breaking with the tradition to include only initiatives planned to be presented in the year ahead, the 2024 CWP also enumerates a significant number of initiatives the Commission either already adopted earlier this year or presented alongside the 2024 CWP. The 41 burden-reduction initiatives consist of 15 initiatives adopted between March and September 2023 (Annex II A), which aim to amend existing legislation and, at the same time, reduce regulatory burden, and 26 initiatives to 'rationalise reporting requirements' (Annex II B), of which 18 were presented on the same day the 2024 CWP was adopted. A further legislative proposal under this annex was submitted at the beginning of November 2023. Of the 26 simplification proposals mentioned above, 15 fall under the ordinary legislative procedure, while 11 are comitology acts. Leaving aside the initiatives already submitted ahead of the 2024 CWP and the comitology files, Annexes I and II B of the 2024 CWP set out a total of 33 initiatives, of which at most 20 are legislative initiatives. Of those 20, 12 were presented by the Commission on 17 October 2023, together with the 2024 CWP, and, as mentioned above, a further one was submitted at the beginning of November 2023. Thus, only seven legislative initiatives remain to be submitted later in 2023 or 2024. Overall, with a maximum of 20, the number of legislative initiatives – which are the focus of this briefing – is very low in the 2024 CWP. Indeed it is far less than in previous years: the 2023 CWP included 39 legislative initiatives, and the 2022 CWP listed 45.

Awturi : Irmgard ANGLMAYER, Nora HAHNKAMPER-VANDENBULCKE

Sommarju : 'This is Europe' – an initiative proposed by the President of the European Parliament, Roberta Metsola – consists of a series of debates with EU leaders to discuss their visions for the future of the European Union. In the address of the Prime Minister of Bulgaria, Nikolai Denkov, to the European Parliament on 22 November 2023, historic symbolism – and its importance for today's and tomorrow's Europe – was a central theme. Mr Denkov also urged that Bulgaria's integration into the EU be completed by joining Schengen and the euro area. Recalling that Bulgaria had fulfilled all the requirements for its accession to the Schengen area, he stressed that any further postponement would be unacceptable. In the context of Russia's war against Ukraine, he pleaded not to give in to war fatigue, but to continue supporting Ukraine. To overcome polarisation in our societies, he also called upon the main political ideologies in the EU not to develop into sharp opposition, but to promote mutual understanding and cooperation. Finally, Mr Denkov emphasised the need to change the public's views on the EU in many Member States and break with existing stereotypes, and he frequently depicted the EU as a source of 'generous funds, benefits and a place for better paid work'. Do not ask what the EU can do for your country, ask what your country can do for the EU. Nikolai Denkov

Awturi : Ralf DRACHENBERG

Sommarju : During the November II plenary session, Members held a debate with the Council and European Commission on the humanitarian situation in Gaza, the need for the release of hostages and for an immediate humanitarian truce leading to a ceasefire, and on the prospects for peace and security in the Middle East. Further debates took place on the continued threat to the rule of law, the independence of justice and the non-fulfilment of conditionalities for EU funding in Hungary, and the threat to the rule of law resulting from the governmental agreement in Spain. Members also debated the Commission's lack of legislative follow-up to the Committee of Inquiry to investigate the use of Pegasus and equivalent surveillance spyware (PEGA). The Prime Minister of Bulgaria, Nikolay Denkov led this month's 'This is Europe' debate. William Ruto, President of Kenya, addressed the Parliament in a formal sitting. And in the question time session, Commissioner Thierry Breton answered Members' questions regarding the state of implementation of the EU's commitment to provide 1 million rounds of artillery ammunition to Ukraine up to March 2024.

Awturi : CLARE FERGUSON, KATARZYNA SOCHACKA